Achieving Higher Density Development In Areas Without Sewer/Water Service

1. Achieving Higher Density DevelopmentIn Areas Without Sewer/Water Service Smart Growth / Smart Energy Toolkit

2. The Problem • Many smart growth techniques rely upon higher-density, clustered development. • Challenges to achieving this type of development pattern in rural areas often include wastewater treatment and disposal constraints, especially for on-site systems. See MassDEP’s website: www.mass.gov/dep/water/laws/regulati.htm

3. Statutes, Regulations & Policies Governing Wastewater • Regulations • 310 CMR 15.000, Title 5 • 314 CMR 5.00, Groundwater Discharge Permits • Policies • Wastewater Reuse Policy • Nutrient Loading Approach • Private Sewage Treatment Plant Policy • TMDLs • Local Health Regulations See MassDEP’s website: www.mass.gov/dep/water/laws/regulati.htm

4. Wastewater Disposal • Title 5 • < 10,000 gallons per day (gpd) • Less than 90 bedrooms • Groundwater Discharge Permit • > 10,000 gpd • Approximately 90 bedrooms

5. Wastewater Design Flow (Title 5) • Residential: 110 gpd per bedroom • 4-bedroom house: 440 gpd • thirty 3-bedroom homes: 9900 gpd • Office building: 75 gpd per 1,000 sf • Restaurants: 35 gpd per seat

6. Title 5 Requirements • Permeable Soils: percolation rate of no more than 60 minutes/inch • Separation to groundwater: soils with percolation > 2 mins/inch = 4 feet soils with percolation < 2 mins/inch = 5 feet • Setbacks to private wells: 100 feet • Setback to wetlands/watercourses: 50 feet

7. Title 5: Resource Area Considerations • Public Supply Well Zone 1 (400 foot radius): no wastewater discharges • Nitrogen sensitive areas (Zone 2 Areas & Private Well Areas): maximum of 440 gpd/acre (or 660 gpd/acre for I&A systems). • Nitrogen sensitive areas (Estuaries): limit nitrogen loading in accordance with TMDL

8. Groundwater Discharge Permit Program > 10,000 gpd • Allows greater density in nitrogen sensitive areas • Advanced Treatment Requirements (sewage treatment plant) • Requires water quality monitoring of effluent and wells • Operation & Maintenance requirements • Staffing by certified operators • Ownership responsibilities • Financial considerations

9. Other Wastewater Policies • Wastewater Reuse Policy • Nutrient Loading Approach • Private Sewage Treatment Plant Policy • TMDLs • Local Health Regulations

10. Wastewater Reuse Policy • DEP has developed interim guidance • Allowable uses: • Golf course irrigation • Landscape irrigation • Toilet flushing • Aquifer recharge • Treated to a high quality to meet reuse standards

11. Reclaimed water hydrant (purple pipes)

12. Wastewater Reuse Policy (continued) • Standards for reuse water infrastructure and public notification requirements • Must provide a full sized back-up disposal facility • This has limited the use of reclaimed water • Being investigated by DEP as part of ongoing development of new reuse standards by DEP

13. Nutrient Loading Approach • Established by DEP in 1999 • Allows for property owners to utilize on-site septic systems in lieu of a wastewater treatment facility if certain water quality standards are met • Designated nutrient sensitive areas included in the Policy • Zone IIs • Coastal Watersheds • Watersheds to freshwater ponds

14. Nutrient Loading Approach (cont.) • Performance standards • Example: site-wide nitrogen loading requirement to meet an average concentration of 5 mg/l in groundwater underneath the site • Provides flexibility in using on-site systems versus a centralized facility to meet water quality standards

15. Private Sewage Treatment Plants • In 1999, DEP allowed use of wastewater treatment facilities shared by residential properties on fee simple lots • Specifies legal, institutional, and financial requirements for individual homeowners to share a common wastewater facility • Requires that the water quality standards of the Nitrogen Loading Policy be met

16. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) • Coastal estuaries, streams and lakes are very sensitive to nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorous) additions from sewage-derived sources. • Algae blooms can be triggered by nitrogen concentrations well below the national and state drinking water standard of 10 mg/l. • Example: Eutrophication has been observed at nitrogen concentrations as low as 0.5 mg/l

17. TMDLs (continued) • Scientific studies determine TMDLs of each system • TMDLs used to develop standards for wastewater discharge volumes within the coastal and freshwater watersheds • Will likely require connections to centralized facilities

18. Local Health Regulations • M.G.L. Chapter 111: Local Boards of Health may develop additional regulations to govern wastewater disposal. • These cannot be less restrictive than Title 5 • Be careful to avoid unnecessarily restricting alternative wastewater facilities in rural areas that might preclude smart growth opportunities.

19. Wastewater Options • Title 5 Conventional Septic System • Innovative & Alternative (I&A) Systems • Shared Systems • Sewage Treatment Plants

20. Conventional Title 5 System

21. Site Plan (showing Title 5 Setbacks)

22. Nitrogen Removal Component I/A Title 5 System

23. Shared System - New Construction • Supports cluster development • Maintain 50% open space(or what your bylaw/ordinance requires) • System requires inspection every three years • Could allow a denser development • Users responsible for operation & maintenance construction

24. Leaching fields for individual Title 5 Septic Systems

25. Leaching field for shared septic system serving multiple homes Open Space Residential Design Subdivision

26. Leaching field for private sewage treatment plant

27. Eel River Watershed The Pinehills Plymouth, MA The Pinehills Wastewater Treatment Plant Zone II Wastewater Treatment Plant

28. Wastewater Treatment & Smart Growth • Develop a Comprehensive Wastewater Management Plan • Identify Larger Projects as Anchor Opportunities • Identify and Procure Sources of Public Funding • Use Innovative Financing Mechanisms • Provide Density Incentives Where Appropriate • Be Aware of TMDL Programs and Nitrogen Sensitive Areas in Your Community

29. Wastewater Management Costs

30. Wastewater Management Costs Comparison

31. Case Studies • Carmody™ I/A Tracking System, Barnstable County • Partridgeberry Place, Ipswich • The Pinehills, Plymouth

32. Carmody™ I/A Tracking System, Barnstable County • Developed by the Barnstable County Department of Health & Environment (BCDHE) • Innovative / Alternative • (I/A) systems are • particularly important • on Cape Cod, where • many embayments are • already nutrient-sensitive.

33. Carmody™ I/A Tracking System, Barnstable County (continued) Increased Development Increase in Septic Systems Increase in wastewater discharge and associated nutrients Nutrient loading to groundwater, coastal estuaries, embayments, freshwater ponds, and streams Poor water quality, changes and deterioration of wildlife habitat, threat to certain species.

34. Carmody™ I/A Tracking System, Barnstable County (continued) • Tracks construction, maintenance, and monitoring results of I/A systems within • 14 of the 15 Towns • Automatic tracking and compliance • notification once system is manually • entered into database. • Also being used to • evaluate functionality • of different I/A systems.

35. Partridgeberry Place, Ipswich • Developed by Martins Companies • Small-scale OSRD / LID development • DCR Demonstration Grant – model development • 20 residential units on 38 ac • 74% (28 acres) preserved • as contiguous open space • Utilized shared septic • system

36. Partridgeberry Place, Ipswich (continued)

37. RESERVE AREA SEPTIC TANK PUMP CHAMBER RESERVE AREA LEACHING AREA LEACHING AREA Contiguous Open Space Shared Septic System *Image not drawn to scale

38. Partridgeberry Place, Ipswich (continued) • Shared Septic System • Design flow: 8,800 gpd • 27,000 gallon septic tank • 13,000 gallon pump chamber • Two standard Title 5 leaching fields • Homeowners Association responsible for maintaining. • Monitored and checked quarterly by Clearwater Industries of Ipswich

39. The Pinehills, Plymouth • Open-space mixed-use development (OSMUD) • No pre-existing public wastewater services. • Private sewage treatment plant enabled densities of up to eight residential units per acre in clusters • surrounded • by open • space.

40. The Pinehills, Plymouth (cont.) • State-of-the-art treatment facility carefully sited hydrologically downgradient of the drinking water supply site. • Water re-use for golf • course irrigation. • Reduces the demand on the • drinking water supply as • well as required fertilizer • applications.

41. The Pinehills, Plymouth (cont.) • Wastewater treatment facility • Max. daily flow: 215,800 gpd • Average flow: 140,000 gpd • Annual nitrogen load: 4,260 lbs • Five disposal beds • Golf course irrigated from well downgradient from disposal beds • Influent monitored monthly • Groundwater monitoring wells tested for potential contaminants with varying frequencies. Interceptor/Irrigation Wells Wellhead Protection Area WWTP

42. Conclusions • In areas without existing public sewer service, there are options to achieve higher density development. • The options include shared septic systems, innovative & alternative systems, and small sewage treatment plants. • Shared systems allow for clustering of development with one common septic disposal field. • Innovative & alternative systems and small sewage treatment plants allow for increased densities and reduced pollutant (nutrient) loads. • As densities increase, these options become more cost effective.

43. Additional Informationand Links • Massachusetts Title V regulations: http://www.mass.gov/dep/water/laws/regulati.htm#t5regs • Massachusetts Groundwater Discharge Permit regulation: http://www.mass.gov/dep/service/regulations/310cmr15.pdf • Wastewater reuse policy: http://www.mass.gov/dep/about/organization/aboutbrp.htm#reuse • National Small Flows Clearing House: http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/nsfc/ • Block Island, RI: A Sample Wastewater Management Program http://www.uri.edu/ce/wq/RESOURCES/wastewater/RI_Towns/BIGHP.htm • Orange County, NC: Sample Wastewater Management Program http://www.co.orange.nc.us/envhlth/eseptic.htm • Innovative Alternative technologies approved in Massachusetts:http://mass.gov/dep/water/wastewater/techsum.htm