Essential Questions:

1. Essential Questions: • How many of the world’s people live in urban areas? • Why are so many people in urban areas? • What are the religious, political, economic and cultural functions of cities? • What are the hazards of heavy urbanization? • Why would people move to cities? • Where have urban areas grown in the past and today? • What are the social requirements of a city? • What are the physical requirements of a city? • What is a MSA? What is a msa?

3. Unit 7B:Urbanization Chapter 13

4. CBD of Dallas, TexasView from Highway 35E NorthboundPhoto by Ben Giacobbi 3/29/18

5. As you are reading this paragraph more than half of the world's seven billion people live in urban areas.

6. This is a new trend • Since the era of recorded history there has never been another time period with the majority of the population in cities. So why would this happen now? One answer to that question is the fact that suburbs are considered to be urban areas (when the only choices are urban or rural). So in modernized countries there are millions upon millions of people living outsides of central cites who are considered urban dwellers.

7. -Employment in factories, businesses, etc…

8. Crime increases as poverty in the city increases as a • way to survive How can governments respond to these problems?

9. The growth of urban sprawl has taken over prime agricultural real estate. Even with all of these changes it is important to remember that there are still areas of the world, such as Asia, where the majority of the people reside (and work) in rural areas.

10. As the urban population of the world continues to grow, so does city size. In the last 100 years it became necessary to categorize international cities based on their size, with two main classes being metropolis and megacities. China

11. There are metropolises throughout the world, which are high in population (usually defined as a core population over 100,000) and have varying levels of importance in the global community. This would include cities such as Toronto and Sydney. Toronto

12. In contrast to the variety of metropolises, there are megacities. These are cities that have a population of over 10 million. These include cities such as Tokyo and Jakarta. Over the last 40 years the number of cities that can be categorized as megacities has doubled. When considering this fact it is important to understand that these cities are not equally distributed among the nations of the world. Toyko

13. Early Urbanization The definition of an urban area is constantly changing based on time and geography In comparison Tokyo has more than 35 million people (modern-day) In Portugal a grouping of more than 10,000 is considered a city, but in Norway the number is only 200 • In ancient times cities ranged from 2,000 - 20,000 people and one of the most massive cities, Ur, had a population of 200,000

15. Five Urban Hearths Mesopotamia, located in the Fertile Crescent, is known as the first urban hearth. The second urban hearth was the Nile River Valley. 3200bc The Indus River Valley is the third urban hearth that arose in 2200BC. Located in present-day China, the Huang He and Wei River Valleys together are the fourth urban hearth, Emerging about in 200 BC, the fifth and last urban hearth was Mesoamerica.

16. Cities in History (repeat from chp 12) • Preindustrial cities had rural areas (provided food and agriculture) around urban centers (economic functions) After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century these cities faded • Feudal cities (Medieval cities) emerged during the Dark Ages 6th -13th centuries (Middle Ages or Medieval) in Europe and were based around wealthy people exchanging land for the labor of the poor • New colonial cities were created as copies of the original European cities. With the Age of Exploration in the 15th - 17th centuries and mercantilism (European powers claiming status by taking raw materials from their colonies) • Wide boulevards and classical architecture

17. Cities in History • Hispanic and Asian cities had large buildings dominating the cityscape to show political or religious beliefs and provided the settings for important functions, while • Medieval Islamic cities had small, winding streets with mosques and government buildings blended into the urban landscape

18. Some believe this is a sign that LDCs are moving along the same path as MDC nations, but the movement to those cities is not positive Location of Urban Centers Originally the largest cities in the world were located in western MDCs (due to the earlier IR), but most are now in LDCs Urbanization and economic growth are related. The more urban, the more job are available There are not enough jobs and most of the growth is from high RNI This overcrowding in the outer-regions of cities (different than in US) has led to squatter settlements (favelas) without basic needs or services. In Africa up to 80% of the population of cities may reside in a squatter settlements

19. Modern Urbanization • Urbanization grew rapidly in MDCs due to the Industrial Revolution and movement towards the tertiary sector (but actually started as early as the Neolithic Revolution) • The development of cities grew from urban hearth areas to the rest of the world • In IR farmers went to cities for jobs and in the tertiary sector people move to cities looking for work in the service industry

20. Modern Urbanization • LDCs are urbanizing at a higher percentage each year because MDCs are near their capacity • No large groups are migrating to cities if they haven't already 3/4 population in MDCs are urban 2/5 population in LDCs are urban

21. Defining Cities • Social requirements for a city; • Large size (cannot relate to everyone) • High density • Social heterogeneity (different types of people), but they can be segregated based on cultural/economic characteristics • Economic diversity, but they can be segregated also • Culture • Some believe this is no longer a good measure because 95% of workers in MDCs have urban jobs, so this doesn't show any differentiation

22. Defining Cities • Effects of spatial segregation • In some places the segregation is associated primarily with racial groups, in other places, ethnicity or religion, while in still other places, income status • The combination of residential segregation by class and by racial or ethnic groups and the systematically uneven spatial distribution of quality schools results in poor inner-city enclaves where children attend substandard schools, which in turn limits their life chances. • Other services, such as access to transportation and health care, also vary spatially, as do such measurable factors as air quality and neighborhood infrastructure. • Gentrification can lead to minorities being pushed out of areas because they can’t afford to live there as rents and taxes and costs increase.

23. Defining Cities • Physical requirements for a city: • Legal boundaries • Government system • An urbanized area surrounding the central city (suburbs) • 75% of Americans live in either a central city or a suburb

24. US Definitions • The US Census Board tracks urban areas by creating census tracts of 5,000 people living in cities (usually meets neighborhood boundaries) • Can give information about the race, per capita income, education, etc of people in that area • The US Census Bureau established a population of over 50,000 in a central city and its immediately linked counties as a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) • Many MSA's overlap with one another which is known as a megalopolis (Washington to Boston was the first) • A central city (and immediately linked counties) with a population between 10,000 and 50,000 is known as a micropolitan statistical area(msa)

26. Essential Questions: • How many of the world’s people live in urban areas? • Why are so many people in urban areas? • What are the religious, political, economic and cultural functions of cities? • What are the hazards of heavy urbanization? • Why would people move to cities? • Where have urban areas grown in the past and today? • What are the social requirements of a city? • What are the physical requirements of a city? • What is a MSA? What is a msa?

27. Essential Questions: • What are the models of internal city structure? • Why do squatter settlements occur in cities in LDCs? • Explain how uneven development happens in cities and how it hurts people. • What is urban sprawl and how do European cities stop it? • What is new urbanism? • What are the urban and suburban problems and solutions in more and less developed countries? • What are the 5 things that future cities need to deal with?

28. Urban Models • Land use models showing how various areas of a city are used • Critics believe models are too vague and that they were created in the early 1900s are now outdated • But by looking at the models together (especially concentric, sector and multiple nuclei) you can see social patterns • Race, economy, occupations, etc in certain areas • Predictions based on the rest of the ring/sector/nuclei

29. Urban Models • Concentric Zone model • Sector model • Multiple Nuclei model • Urban Realms model • Peripheral (Galactic) model • Latin American model • Asian City model • Sub-Saharan model

30. Urban models CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL EW Burgess According to this model, a city grows in a series of rings that surround the central business district.

31.  Moshav, Israel

32. Urban models SECTOR MODEL Homer Hoyt According to this model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors, which extend out from the central business district.

34. Urban models MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODELChauncey Harris & Edward Ullman According to this model, a city consists of a collection of individual nodes, or centers, around which different types of people and activities cluster.

36. URBAN REALMS MODELJames Vance Urban Realms Model In the 1970s as the movement towards counter urbanization became popular, suburban downtown areas were able to become independent "urban realms" • This urban realms model showed the independence within each nuclei on the multiple nuclei model • These ideas of independence were furthered by the availability of telecommuting and e-commerce

38. Peripheral Model (Galactic City) Chauncey Harris • North American urban areas follow what Chauncey Harris (creator of the multiple nuclei model) calls the peripheral model. According to the peripheral model, an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. 

39. Latin American modelGriffen - Ford The Latin American City Model combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the disamenity sectors. • 1. Commercial2. Elite Residential Sector3. Middle-class Residential4. Zone of situ accretion5. Zone of maturity6. Gentrification7. Zone of peripheral squatter settlements How did this happen, what can be done to fix it, stop it, prevent it?

40. Asian City modelT. G. McGee How did this happen, what can be done to fix it, stop it, prevent it? • Southeast Asia contains some of the most populous and fastest growing cities in the world. While they are still developing, many feature high-rise developments and several of the world’s tallest buildings. Market Zones surround the outside of the city, while the CBD is usually a port

41. How did this happen, what can be done to fix it, stop it, prevent it? Subsaharan city modelH.J. deblij • The central city is found to have three central business districts (CBDs): a remnant of the colonial CBD, an informal and periodic market zone, and a transitional business center where commerce happens from the curbside or storefronts. The former colonial CBD has vertical development, the traditional business center is usually a zone of single-story buildings with a touch of traditional architecture, and the market zone is open-air, informal (economically), and yet important. Sector development is the encircling zone of ethnic and mixed neighborhoods, in which people have strong ethnic identities. Mining and manufacturing zones are found next to some parts of these ethnic neighborhoods. On the outermost part of many African cities, there are informal satellite townships, which are squatter settlements.

42. Urbanization by the Numbers • There are over 400 cities with populations over 1 million • Since 2008 50% of the world's population have lived in cities • There are 374 MSAs and 579 micropolitan areas • Top 10 Cities (by population): City plus surrounding suburbs

43. Remember these????? Urban Sizes • Unincorporated areas have only two or three families living there and exist on the fringe of suburbs • Hamlets have a few dozen people and limited services • Villages are a little larger and offer more services • Towns have 50 to a few thousand people and are usually considered an urban area • They are considers central areas with hinterlands surroundings them (or urban influence zones - areas affected by the city) • Cites are large, densely populated areas with tens of thousands of people • Metropolises have large populations (over 50,000), incorporate large areas and are focused on one large city (this areas includes the suburbs) can create urban heat island which can affect weather • Biggest urban area is a megalopolis ( conurbation ) • I.e. Bos-wash

44. Urban Development • Uneven development keeps minorities segregated from majority groups in the suburbs (money starts with richest areas and continues to flow to the richest areas - cumulative causation ) • Zoning ordinances, urban renewal, gentrification and restrictive covenants keep those with no money in the inner city

45. Urban Development • European cities limit sprawl with ordinances and greenbelts (boundaries for urbanization) known as smart growth • These belts also prevent in-filling or merging of large cities

46. Urban Development • Street morphology creates subdivisions with cul-de-sacs and loop streets, which keep other people out, but creates traffic patterns in the same direction (hurts pedestrians and traffic flow)

47. New Urbanism • The livable city movement ( new-urbanism ) focuses on creating planned cities with pedestrian walkways, festival settings (large recreational areas) and separate office parks • The goal is to bring people, jobs and money back into the inner city instead of sprawling outward This was on last years test, but very few teachers taught it, so now we all are!

48. urban problems in less developed countries 1.Collapsing infrastructure. 2.Increasing levels of pollution. 3.Increased volume of traffic on poorly maintained roads. 4.Inadequate housing and services. 5.The shanty town is likely to be found on inappropriate land. 6.The services will be non-existent or incapable of maintaining a basic standard of living. 7.A lack of employment means that people have to look for other ways of earning money. How do we deal with these issues?

49. urban solutions in less developed countries 1.Site and service schemes: give people unfinished huts or materials to build one that they own 2.Rehabilitation: fix up the slums for residents 3.Housing developments: tear down slums and build new at government expense 4.Sewage rehabilitation: do infrastructure work

50. urban and suburban problems and solutions in more developed countries Traffic congestion Pollution Death of the CBD Urban sprawl High speed rail Building downward Energy efficiency