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History of Latin America. Ch. 9 Sec. 2. Ancient Empires. Olmecs: 1400 BC-500 BC Mexican Gulf Coast Ruled by priests & royals/elite No mention of military Known for giant stone heads (40 tons) Mastered crafts- rubber, jade, stone carving. Ancient Empires. Mayan: 250-900
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History of Latin America Ch. 9 Sec. 2
Ancient Empires • Olmecs: 1400 BC-500 BC • Mexican Gulf Coast • Ruled by priests & royals/elite • No mention of military • Known for giant stone heads (40 tons) • Mastered crafts- rubber, jade, stone carving
Ancient Empires • Mayan: 250-900 • Southern Mexico/ Northern Central America (Guatemala/ Yucatan Pen.) • Ruled by priests & nobles • Priests performed sacrifices for good harvests, war success
Ancient Empires • Mayan cont’d • Extensive farming techniques/terracing • Lots of maize population grew quickly • glyphs for recording history & honoring gods (Spanish burned most books many left un-translated) • 365 day solar calendar
Tikal (Guatemala) Chichen Itza
Ancient Empires • Aztecs: 1300s-1520s • Founded Tenochtitlán in Central Mexico- Present day Mexico City • Chinampas- floating islands • Foods shared with world • maize (corn) • chocolate (xocoatl)- only for elite though- “Food of the gods” • tomatoes
Ancient Empires • Aztecs cont’d • Ruled by emperor next military, then majority (farmers), last were criminals & slaves • Priests had own class • Human sacrifices to sun god to rise ea. day • Tens of thousands: mostly P.O.W.s and some noble family members
Ancient Empires • Inca: 1430s-1530s • Andes Mountains, Ecuador Chile • Ruled by emperor (Sapa Inca) • Then military (very oppressive) • Extensive road network through mountains (rivals Romans) • Runners to warn of rebellion, invaders • All roads went thru Cuzco
Original Incan road Machu Picchu
Ancient Empires • Inca cont’d • Used quipu for record keeping (for traders) • Spoke Quechua • No written language • Masters of terracing & irrigation from Pacific Ocean • Domesticated alpacas & llamas
Terracing Quipu
Decline of Empires • Olmecs: ?? (volcano, absorbed) • Mayan: ?? (frequent war??, overpopulation over farm??) • Aztecs: Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés (1521) • Inca: Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1535)
Early Empires • Early empires practiced polytheism, which is the belief in many gods.
European Conquests • From 1500s-1700s • Colonizing for power and resources for home country • Columbian Exchange: widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, • As disease killed many Natives, they began enslaving Africans to meet labor shortages
Sources of Discontent- Late 1700s • Viceroys- Spanish governors • Peninsulares- Spaniards living in Latin America • Creoles- straight European descent • Mestizos- Native + European • Mulattoes- African + European • Zambos- Native + African • Amerindians- Natives ALL distrusted one another
Sources of Discontent • Peninsulares/Viceroys wanted self-rule • Creoles read works of Enlightenment thinkers; All looked to American & French Revolution wanted more rights • Natives & Africans wanted freedom from slavery • Finally acted when Napoleon defeated Spain (made weaker)
Haiti’s Struggle • French-ruled • Sugar & coffee plantations = 1/2 million slaves lots of $ for France • 25,000 free (but not equal) mulattoes
Haiti’s Struggle • Revolted in 1791 • Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture • Former slave, but educated • Napoleon went in to regain • 1804: Complete independence
United Central America followed suit (early 1820s) • Union broke: • Guatemala • Nicaragua • Honduras • El Salvador • Costa Rica • But how do they know how to rule themselves?
Simón Bolívar • 1810: Bolivar led revolt in Venezuela form republic (did not last) • Went on to Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia republics • Joined Jose de San Martin • Leader in Argentina & Chile
Brazil • Napoleon beat Portugal • Royals fled to Brazil • King made reforms • Left son Dom Pedro to rule… • But new powers in Portugal were against Dom Pedro…
Brazil • He made Brazil independent constitutional monarchy • Freedom of press & religion; elected legislature • 1889: became republic w/o any violence
Caribbean Independence • 1898: Cuba from Spain • 1900s: Jamaica & Barbados from Britain • Some still under foreign control
Panama Canal • Isthmus perfect place to connect oceans • Ferdinand de Lesseps (Suez Canal) tried but failed • Disease, geography, $ • Bunau-Varilla asked US pres TR (1901) to aid building
Panama Canal • Panama was part of Colombia at time • Colombia refused to give up land • Panamanians revolted, US helped them • Panama gained independence (1903) • Canal began in 1904, until 1914 • US owned until 1999
Cuba • Like others, people were discontent with government • Cuba- gap b/w rich and poor • Revolution led by Fidel Castro set up Communist State with military dictator (1959)
Timeline • On a blank sheet of paper, create a timeline about the history of Latin America. • Choose FIVE events • Must give a description of the event and a colored picture for each event • Due Monday