History of Latin America

1. History of Latin America

2. Colonizing Latin America • Lasted for over four hundred years, from 1492 to 1898 • Two motivations: • Trade • Spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions

3. Spanish Set up four Viceroyalties: • New Spain • New Granada • Peru • La Plata

4. Social Hierarchy in Latin America Penninsulares (men born in Spain) Creoles (Spaniards born in Latin America) Mestizos (mixed European & Indian ancestry) Mulattos (mixed European & African ancestry) Indians (of little economic value) Africans (majority enslaved)

5. The Economy in Colonial Latin America • based on the ideas of “Mercantilism” • Africans & American Indians used as slave labor • Lands are used for natural resources

6. Road to Revolution • Inspired by Enlightenment ideas • Creole discontent • Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions. • Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting in other wars (the Napoleonic Wars) • Economic policies benefited Europeans at the expense of the native Latin Americans

7. EnlightenmentThinkers

8. Creole Discontent

9. Inspiration of American & French Revolutions Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789 Declaration of Independence, 1776

10. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars

11. Latin American Revolutions

12. Toussaint L’OuvetureLeads a Revolutionin Haiti(1804)

13. Haiti • French colony Date of Independence: 1804 Independence Leaders: • Toussiant-Louverture (former slave) • Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s general) Haitian Independence: 1791: slave revolt 1801: Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves) 1802: French troops arrive & agreement made to stop revolution 1804: Dessalines starts revolution again and declares independence

14. Mexico • Spanish colony Date of Independence: Independence Leaders: • Miguel Hidalgo (priest/revolutionary leader) • José María Morelos (priest/revolutionary leader) • Agustín de Iturbide (Mexican general) Mexican Independence: • 1810: Hidalgo leads Mexican mestizos & Indians in revolt • 1811: Hidalgo captured & killed, Morelos assumes leadership • 1815: Morelos killed • 1820: Iturbide names himself emperor • 1823: Mexico becomes a republic

15. The “Muscle” of the Revolution Bolivar coming from the North. José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.

16. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence

17. Argentina • Spanish colony Date of Independence: 1816 Independence Leaders: • Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer) Argentiaian Independence: 1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government 1816= Martin declares independence

18. Chile • Spanish colony Date of Independence: 1817 Independence Leaders: • Jose de San Martin • Bernardo O’Higgins (military officer) Chile Independence: 1817= San Martin leads his army across the Andes into Chile 1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins and defeat the Spanish and declare independence

19. Simón Bolivar: The “Brains”of theRevolution • Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela. • Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

20. Venezuela, Columbia, and Panama • Spanish colony Date of Independence: 1821/1822 Independence Leaders: • Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan - Creole/military general) Gran Columbia Independence: 1811= Venezuela declares independence 1811-1821= Revolts against Spanish 1821= Bolivar wins independence 1821= Rebellion goes to Columbia, Ecuador, & Panama 1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation called Gran Columbia established

21. Bolivar’s Accomplishment

22. Peru • Spanish colony Date of Independence: 1824 Independence Leaders: • Jose de San Martin • Simon Bolivar Peruvian Independence: 1821= San Martin takes army to Lima, Peru to drive out the remaining Spanish 1822= San Martin joins Bolivar/combines army 1822= San Martin leaves for Europe 1822= Carries rebellion to Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama 1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho

23. Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

24. Bolivia • Spanish colony Date of Independence: 1825 Independence Leaders: • Simon Bolivar Bolivian Independence: 1824= Bolivar drives out the remaining Spanish from Peru 1825= Upper Peru separates and names itself Bolivia (after Simon Bolivar)

25. Bolivar’s Failure • After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America • He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

26. Brazil Freed from Portugal • The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil. • Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal. • Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.