The Work Environment

1. The Work Environment Division of Labor • Some owners viewed workers as parts of the machinery. • Unlike smaller and older businesses, most owners never interacted with workers. • impersonalization Work Environment • Factory workers worked by the clock. • Workers could be fired for being late, talking, or refusing to do a task. • Workplaces were not safe. • Children performed unsafe work and worked in dangerously unhealthy conditions. • In the 1890s and early 1900s states began legislating child labor.

2. Rise Of Labor Unions

3. Look these terms up (define them)AND how they relate to unions, workers, etc… • -Arbitration • -strike • -Blacklist • –scabs • -Collective Bargaining • -yellow-dog contract • -Closed Shop • -Injunction • -Lockout • -Mediation • -Negotiation

4. American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Founded by Samuel Gompers. • Union of skilled workers. • Focus on hours, wages, conditions. • Relied on strikes/boycotts. • Used collective bargaining.

5. Haymarket Riot (1886)

6. Homestead Strike

7. Pullman Strike (1894) • Go on strike for wages/firing of union reps. • Boycott Pullman Cars. (disrupt rail service) • Govt. issues an injunction to end strike. • Interfering with Interstate commerce and U.S. Mail. • Troops sent in. Eugene Debs - Socialist

11. Immigration and Urban Growth

12. 20 million from Europe (S/E) • Get away from famine, overpopulation, persecution.

14. Came through the “golden door” looking for “streets of gold”

15. -came over on ships. 1 week from Europe, 3 weeks from Asia • -traveled in steerage.

19. Statue of Liberty • Gift from France • Welcomed immigrants.

20. The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame, "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" by Emma Lazarus, New York City, 1883

22. Ellis Island, NYC • Inspection point. • Had to pass physical test, literacy test, check documents.

28. U.S.Department of Labor • Immigration Service • 1. Number on list. 14. Whether having a ticket to 23. Condition of Health • 2. Name in Full final destination. 24. Deformed or crippled • 3. Age 15. By whom was passage paid? 25. Height • 4. Sex 16. Whether in possession of $50. 26. Complexion • 5. Married / Single 17. Whether ever in U.S. before. 27. Color of eyes/hair • 6. Occupation 18. Whether going to join relative; 28. Identifying marks • 7. Able to Read / Write if so, list name and address 29. Place of Birth • 8. Nationality 19. Ever in prison, almshouse, Country/ City/Town • 9. Race institution for care of insane etc. • 10. Last Residence 20. Whether a Polygamist. • 11. Name & Address 21. Whether an Anarchist • of relative in native country 22. Whether coming with an offer, • 12. Final Destination promise, or agreement of labor

29. The Symbols Used for Immigrants • The symbols used were: • B – Back • C - Conjunctivitis • CT – Trachoma • E – Eyes • F – Face • FT – Feet • G – Goiter • H – Heart • K – Hernia • L – Lameness • N – Neck • P – Physical and Lungs • PG – Pregnancy • S – Senility • SC – Scalp (Favus) • SI – Special Inquiry • X – Suspected Mental defect • X (circled) – Definite signs of Mental defect

30. Angel Island, SF Many of the immigrants arriving to Angel Island were Chinese

32. Resentment • Hatred of “new” immigrants • Americans formed groups (nativist) against immigrants. • Supported laws to “restrict” more groups.

34. Old Immigrants resented the New Immigrants. • New Immigrants came to this country for the same reasons as the Old Immigrants.

35. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) • 1st law against immigrants. • No longer allowed Chinese workers. • Discrimination. • U.S./Japan create the “Gentleman’s Agreement”

37. Problems • Immigrants had to deal with culture shock • Parents and children experience a “generation gap”

38. America had become a “melting pot”

40. Rapid urbanization, growth of cities. • Same groups clustered in neighborhoods. • Overcrowding is a problem.

45. Conditions • Many families lived together. • Tenement houses.

46. Dumbbell Tenements

47. Tenement House Act of 1879, NYC

48. Transportation, water, crime, sanitation, fire were problems cities faced.