REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 10 TEST

1. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 10 TEST The Industrial Revolution Age of Imperialism

2. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 10 TEST INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

3. As a result of new methods in farming (such as crop rotation), more food was made and Europe’s population increased

4. WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? “The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period when there was a huge increase of machine-made goods, which replaced work done by hand

5. The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of producing goods, (2) mass production of goods, increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities, and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs

6. Workplace safety decreased for workers: factories were often dirty, dangerous, and unhealthy; hours were long and pay was low

7. The population boom created a demand for clothing, but traditional methods of textile making were slow As a result, the textile industry became the first to be industrialized

8. The Industrial Revolution began in England for a variety of reasons (1) England had large deposits of natural resources, such as iron and coal (2) England had harbors and rivers to help power factories and move goods by water (3) England also had a government that encouraged invention and invested money in business

9. INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS FURTHER OTHER NATIONS FOLLOW BRITAIN’S EXAMPLE AND INDUSTRIALIZE U.S.A. FRANCE GERMANY JAPAN INDUSTRIALISM + NATIONALISM = A FUTURE WAR BETWEEN THESE NATIONS

10. Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin stimulated a demand for cotton textiles

11. In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine Steam engines produced more power and allowed factories to be built in citiesnear workers

12. The textile industry and the rise of the factory system led to the growth of other industries Factories led to a demand for faster transportation Roads and canals (artificial waterways) were built in England; Robert Fulton’s steamboat increased the speed of water travel

13. STEEL-MAKING PROCESS Henry Bessemer invented a cheap process for making steel (which is stronger than iron)

14. What is a MONOPOLY? A situation where ONE company owns all of a type of product or service; there is NO competition

15. Industrialization led to people moving out of the rural areas and moving to cities; this “urbanization” caused massive growth of cities in industrial countries

16. Adam Smith explained capitalism: businesses operated in a free market economy based on competition, profits, and supply and demand

17. Capitalists like Adam Smith believe governments should have “laissez-faire” (hands off) principles and avoid heavy taxes, regulations, or interference in business

18. Socialists have a view different from capitalists: they argued that the government should be involved with the economy by enacting laws and regulations Socialists strive for equality in society and ending poverty by redistributing wealth from rich capitalists to the poor workers

19. Karl Marx introduced a radical form of socialism called communism With communism, there would be no more private property and the people would own all means of productions

20. Like socialists, communists want equality in society, but want to get it in a different way: Marx which predicted a war between the “haves” and “have nots”, where the workers would rise up and overthrow the privileged class

21. IMPERIALISMis the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. The stronger country dominates weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. The reason: the stronger country gains power with the money it makes from using the weaker country.

22. SPHERE OF INFLUENCE:Nations gain exclusive trading rights in a territory, dominate all trade and business, but allow the local government to make other decisions Forms of Imperialism COLONY: Europeans seize a territory with their army and rule it directly by sending governors to the colony PROTECTORATE: Local government exists, but Europeans make all real decisions in order to protect their trade (controlling them like a puppet)

23. The Industrial Revolution led to a huge demand for raw materials so countries could make more factory-produced goods The Industrial Revolution caused a huge demand for new overseas markets to sell their finished goods Having numerous colonies in Africa and Asia helped fuel the Industrial Revolution

24. MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM ECONOMIC Economic motives included (1) the desire to make money, (2) to expand and control foreign trade, (3) to create new markets for products, and (4) to acquire raw materials and cheap labor

25. MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM POLITICAL Political motives were based on (1) a nation’s desire to gain power, (2) to compete with other European countries, (3) to expand territory, (4) to exercise military force, and (5) to gain prestige by winning colonies, which boosts national pride

26. SOCIAL DARWINISM: The Roots of European Racism Social Darwinism is a social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background To Europeans, this justified their imperialism in Asia and Africa: they felt stronger people had the right to rule weaker people

27. Based on the ideas behind “White Man’s Burden”, Europeans believed that they had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress to other “inferior” and “uncivilized” countries

28. What sparked European interest in Africa? Missionaries like Dr. David Livingstone were the first to explore the interior of Africa; what they discovered caused great interest in Africa from European rulers

29. The race for African colonies was so fierce that Europeans became afraid wars would break out

30. In 1884, 14 European nations met at the Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa The main agreement: any nation could claim land in Africa by notifying the other nations and showing it could control the area No African nations were invited to attend

31. The most dominant imperial power in Africa was Great Britain

32. In 1882, Britain seized control of the Suez Canal from a French company so they have a shorter passage to their colonies in Africa and Asia

33. The most important empire-builder in Africa was the British businessman, Cecil Rhodes Many citizens in England dreamed of Rhodes creating a British colony that stretched from from “Capetown to Cairo”

34. POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA ETHNIC/TRIBAL MAP OF AFRICA The artificial boundaries created by Europeans caused problems: they split up tribes and combined tribes that did not get along; today, Africa is plagued with warfare and genocide, partly brought on by these unnatural boundaries

35. Britain had so many colonies that it was said that the “sun never set on the British Empire”

36. Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India (which they called “The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire”) India had this nickname because it produced so many profitable cash-crops (such as tea, cotton, coffee, and opium)

37. “Cash crops” are non-food products like tea and cotton

38. The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations in India to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, and opium

39. The British emphasis on cash-crop plantations led to food shortages and famine in India (seven million Indians died due to starvation in 1876) To make sure they made money, the British pushed Indian farmers to grow cash crops

40. The British were desperate to find a product that the Chinese would buy so they could gain access to Chinese trade…

41. The product: opium was refined in India and smuggled into China; opium addiction helped the British gain access to Chinese trade

42. The Sepoy Mutiny In 1857, Sepoys refused to use new ammunition cartridges greased with pork/beef fat The tops of the new type of cartridges needed to be bitten off before they could be loaded into the new guns The sepoys were either Muslim or Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden to Muslims The anger over their religions being offended led to the Sepoys and then all of India rebelling against the British

43. The British Army intervened, defeated the Sepoys, and Britain took COMPLETE CONTROL of India, not just control of its economy

44. British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India” The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian historybecause it led to the British takeover of India

45. India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia The French also profited from rice plantations as well as cash-crops (coffee, tea, spices) The Dutch profited from rubber, tin, oil resources and cash-crop plantations

46. NEXT, REVIEW SOME MATERIAL FROM THE PREVIOUS UNITS TO REFRESH YOUR MEMORIES

47. This map shows the locations of the River Valley Civilizations (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, and Ancient China)

48. European Christians fought Muslim armies in a total of nine different Crusades in an effort to take back Jerusalem (the Holy Land)

49. Martin Luther publicly posted the 95 Theses (his complaints about the Catholic Church); this began the Protestant Reformation

50. Czar Peter the Great of Russia was an absolute monarch who wanted to modernize and “Westernize” Russia to catch up with Western Europe