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From Versailles to Pearl Harbor

From Versailles to Pearl Harbor. An overview of events that occurred in Europe during the 1930’s. Germany Faces Economic Collapse. Treaty of Versailles Negotiated treaty by WWI Allies, June 28, 1919 Harsh punishment of Germany Guilt for WWI $33 billion in reparations Restricted military

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From Versailles to Pearl Harbor

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  1. From Versailles to Pearl Harbor An overview of events that occurred in Europe during the 1930’s

  2. Germany Faces Economic Collapse • Treaty of Versailles • Negotiated treaty by WWI Allies, June 28, 1919 • Harsh punishment of Germany • Guilt for WWI • $33 billion in reparations • Restricted military • Lost territory • Germany was in a state of economic despair

  3. What is the POV and bias of this cartoon?

  4. Germany Faces Economic Despair • To try to relieve the economic issues Germany printed more money this led to inflation • Germany was not the only country effected by the economic depression but the treaty was not changed due to a spirit of revenge

  5. Germany Faces Economic Despair • Germany’s post war government was weak and disliked by the people for signing the Treaty of Versailles

  6. Germany Faces Economic Despair • US Response • Remained Isolationist • Sent Aid to Europe (including Germany) • Insisted that Germany repay the debt

  7. What does this cartoon tell you about the post WWI World?

  8. Germany Faces Economic Despair U.S. Response Continued • 1924 Dawes Plan- The US would loan Germany money to pay back their debt and then Germany would pay back the US. • In the end the war debts went unpaid

  9. Instability of New Democracies • Parliamentary governments fall • Lack of democratic experience • economic hardships • Totalitarian governments rise • Fascism in Italy (Mussolini) • Nazism in Germany (Hitler) • Militarists in Japan (Hirohito) • Russian Communists (Stalin)

  10. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • Early Years • Born in Austria 1889 • WW I enlisted in the German army • Emerged an extreme nationalist

  11. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • Hitler and the Nazi Party • Hitler became involved in 1921. • Emotional speeches attacked the Weimar Republic.

  12. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • Led an uprising in Munich, army crushed it, Hitler put in prison for a year • While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf(“My Struggle”) blaming Jews for economic troubles and claimed German people belong to the “Aryan Race”

  13. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • Hitler Becomes Dictator • Released from prison tried to build Nazi party • By 1932 the Nazis were the largest single party

  14. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • He was asked to become Chancellor • August 2, 1934 German president dies. • Hitler combines the offices of chancellor and president and declares himself the leader.

  15. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • Anti-Semitic Politics • Jews were expelled from all government jobs • They were forbidden to teach, practice law or medicine Jewish doctors, shops and lawyers were boycotted in 1933

  16. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • Deprived of citizenship, and banned marriage between Jew and non-Jew • Forced Jews to register with the government and wear a yellow Star of David

  17. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • US Response • Roosevelt took office the same year Hitler became Dictator. • Roosevelt focused on his “New Deal” at home

  18. The Rise of Adolf HitlerU.S. Response Continued Signed a Treaty to accomplish security through disarmament, limiting the number of ships each country could build

  19. Fascism in Italy • Italy also suffered after WWI • Socialist Party gaining power • Benito Mussolini gained power in the turmoil of post WWI conditions • Mussolini believed in Fascism (elements include aggressive Nationalism and glorification of military sacrifice)

  20. Fascism in Italy • Italian Imperialism • Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 • League of Nations did little to help and by 1936 Ethiopia was under Italian control

  21. Fascism in Italy • US Response: • Continued Policy of Isolationism • Moral Embargo- on “essential” goods to Italy

  22. What is the POV and bias in this cartoon and what attitude does it reflect?

  23. Fascism in ItalyU.S. Response Continued • Passed the Neutrality Acts forbidding the sale of arms to aggressive nations, prohibited Americans from traveling on ships of countries at war, and disallowed loans to countries at war

  24. Spanish Civil War • Nationalist Party fighting Republicans • Trying to destroy communism and socialism and set up Fascism in Spain

  25. Spanish Civil War • Mussolini and Hitler were able to aid the Nationalist despite the League of Nations efforts to patrol the borders of Spain

  26. Spanish Civil War • Civil war ended in 1939 • Francisco Franco became leader, imposed a fascist dictatorship on Spain • October 1936 Spain, Italy and Germany form a military alliance known as the Rome Berlin Axis

  27. Spanish Civil War • US Response • Many Americans were upset by the events in Spain but did not necessarily want the US to get involved

  28. Spanish Civil WarU.S. Response Continued • Feared the US involvement would make the conflict larger • The US took no action as Franco took power

  29. The Rise of Militarism in Japan • Japan’s economy was affected by the world market and the people resented that their country had a reputation as a second-rate power. • This enabled a group of military leaders to rise to power • Once in power they imposed censorship, arrested government critics

  30. Japanese Imperialism: • Japan attacked Manchuria (China) • In 1936 Japan signed a military agreement with Germany and Italy forming the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Tojo Hitler Mussolini

  31. The Rise of Militarism in Japan • US Response • Responded with displeasure to the invasion with a moral lecture, but took no action • US canceled its commercial treaty with Japan in response to a 1937 bombing that killed innocent civilians in China

  32. The Rise of Militarism in JapanU.S. Response Continued • Quarantine Speech- Roosevelt becoming concerned about the situation, and sensed public opinion shifting more toward some involvement. Called for no action but containing fascist aggression

  33. FDR’s Speech

  34. Violation and Appeasement • Hitler Violates the Treaty of Versailles • 1936 Re-armed Germany and took over the Rhineland (territory given to France in Treaty) • Took over Austria in 1938 • Three million Germans lived in the Sudetenland (west Czechoslovakia)

  35. Violation and Appeasement • Hitler encouraged the people living in Sudetenland to demand self government • Czech government said no • Demanded that Czechoslovakia surrender to Germany

  36. Violation and Appeasement • The Munich Agreement • September 1938 Hitler and Chamberlain (leader of Great Britain) met in Munich to discuss the situation Chamberlain (UK) and Daladier (France) signed an agreement with Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy) that effectively gave the German-speaking Sudetenland part of Czechoslovakia to Germany. Although hoping to sustain peace, all sides were preparing for war.

  37. Violation and Appeasement • Germany was given Sudetenland in exchange for the guaranteed independence for the rest of Czechoslovakia and a promise that he had no other plans to expand Germany • Appeasement

  38. Violation and Appeasement • U.S. Response • Roosevelt sent a telegram to Chamberlain urging him to find a peaceful solution through negotiations with Hitler

  39. Violation and AppeasementU.S. Response Continued • Roosevelt sent a telegram to Hitler calling for a conference for European leaders. • Roosevelt was sure to make it clear that the United States was not going to get any further involved

  40. The Invasion of Czechoslovakia • Hitler was convinced that Britain and France were too weak to do anything • 1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia

  41. The Invasion of Czechoslovakia • Hitler began to make plans to invade Poland • France and Britain pledge to come to Poland’s aid if they were attacked

  42. The Invasion of Czechoslovakia • Nazi-Soviet Pact • Josef Stalin (leader of Soviet Union) becoming increasingly concerned with Hitler’s advances • Stalin tried to ally with Britain and France, who hesitated because they did not support communism

  43. The Invasion of Czechoslovakia • Stalin forced to ally with Hitler • Hitler did not support communism either, but he needed assurance that the Soviet Union would not interfere with the invasion of Poland

  44. The Invasion of Czechoslovakia • August 23, 1939 Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact • Pledged not to attack each other • Secret clauses provided for future division of Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between the two powers • This Pact cemented Hitler’s plans to invade Poland

  45. The Invasion of Czechoslovakia • U.S. Response • Roosevelt again sent messages to Hitler, President Moscicki of Poland, the King of Italy, pleading with each of them to achieve peace through negotiations • These messages were considered naïve and were largely ignored • Roosevelt and the State Department prepared declarations of neutrality should war breakout

  46. World War II Begins • September 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland • Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany, keeping their promise to Poland

  47. World War II Begins • U.S. Response • Roosevelt realized that if Hitler was going to be stopped France and Great Britain must have military strength • He proposed that Congress lift the Neutrality Acts • This sparked great debate in the United States

  48. U.S. Response Continued • Roosevelt argued that the only way to stay neutral was to assist the European nations opposing Hitler

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