Chapters 19 and 21

1. Chapters 19 and 21 Direct Primary – Nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in the general election. Initiative – Policy allowing voters to introduce new legislation. Referendum – Procedure allowing citizens to force the legislature to place a recently passed law on the ballot for public approval.

2. Recall – Procedure enabling voters to remove an official from office by calling for a special election. Seventeenth Amendment – Constitutional Amendment that gives voters the power to directly elect U.S. Senators. Robert LaFollette – Developed a reform program in Wisconsin which became a model for other states.

3. Wisconsin Plan – Robert LaFollette’s reform program for Wisconsin in the early 1900’s; became a model for other state governments. Arbitration – Process by which two opposing sides allow a third party to settle a dispute. Reclamation – Process of making damaged land productive. Theodore Roosevelt – assumed the presidency after the death of President McKinley; youngest U.S. President; used the office of president as a “bully pulpit” to set his agenda.

4. Square Deal – Theodore Roosevelt’s 1904 presidential campaign slogan pledging to balance the interests of business, consumers, and labor. Elkins Act – Federal law that prohibited shippers from accepting rebates. Samuel Jones and Tom Johnson – reformers who tried to reorganize city governments; actually a devastating hurricane in Galveston helped bring about a change to city commissions to work on problems faced by the local areas.

5. Hepburn Act – Law that authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to set railroad rates and regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce. Upton Sinclair – Author of The Jungle; a progressive book that attempted to show the horrors of a Chicago meat-packing plant. Meat Inspection Act – Federal law that required government inspection of meat shipped across state lines.

6. Pure Food and Drug Act – Law that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and patented medicine containing harmful ingredients; also required food and medicine containers to carry ingredient labels. National Park Service – A federal agency established in 1916 to help supervise national parks and monuments.

7. William Howard Taft – became president in 1908; nominated by the Republican Party again in 1912, but lost to Wilson, the Democrat, after Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third party candidate for the Bull Moose Party. Alice Paul – Militant Quaker suffragist. Mann-Elkins Act – Federal law that extended the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to telephone and telegraph companies.

8. Sixteenth Amendment – Constitutional Amendment that permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair - Incident in which President William Howard Taft fired Gifford Pinchot as head of the U.S. Forestry Service for criticizing Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger’s approval of the sale of Alaskan land; weakened support for Taft as he was seen as not committed to conservation.

9. Payne-Aldrich Tariff – High tariff measure signed by President William Howard Taft; angered progressives. Carrie Chapman Catt – Became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1900. Progressive Party – Bull Moose Party; reform party that ran Theodore Roosevelt for president in 1912. Woodrow Wilson – elected president in 1912; candidate of the Democratic Party.

10. New Freedom – President Woodrow Wilson’s progressive reform program; proposed during the 1912 presidential election. Eugene Debs – Socialist Party candidate for the presidency in 1912. Federal Reserve Act – Act that created a national banking system to help the government control the economy; particularly aided farmers at the time.

11. Clayton Anti-trust Act – Law that clarified and strengthened the Sherman anti-trust Act by clearly defining what a monopoly or trust was. Federal Trade Commission – Commission established in 1914 to investigate corporations and to try to keep them from conducting unfair trade practices. Adamson Act – Federal law reducing the workday for railroad workers from 10 to 8 hours with no cut in pay.

12. Keating-Owen Child Labor Act – Law that outlawed the interstate sale of products produced by child labor; declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. National American Woman Suffrage Association – Group formed in 1890 to win the vote for women. Nineteenth Amendment – Constitutional Amendment that granted the right to vote to women.

13. Militarism – Glorification of military strength. No-Man’s Land – Strip of bombed-out territory that separated the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during World War I. Trench Warfare – World War I military strategy of defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep trenches. Archduke Francis Ferdinand – His assassination in Serbia is often cited a the “trigger” or “spark” that started the Great War (World War I).

14. Allied Powers - World War I alliance that included Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States; fought against the Central Powers. Central Powers – World War I alliance that included Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria; fought against the Allied Powers.

15. Battle of the Somme – World War I battle in which the British lost some 60,000 troops in a single day; this battle lasted four months and more than a million casualties took place. Baron von Richthofen – The most successful German flying Ace. Convoy System – Use of armed vessels to escort unarmed merchant vessels transporting troops, supplies, or volunteer through the North Atlantic during World War I.

16. Sussex Pledge – Promise issued by German officials during World War I not to sink merchant vessels without warning or without assuring the passengers’ safety. National Defense Act – Military “preparedness” program established prior to U.S. entry into World War I that increased the size of the National Guard and the regular U.S. Army.

17. 5 Zimmerman Note – Cable sent to Mexico by Germany’s foreign secretary during World War I; proposed an alliance between the two countries. Selective Service Act – Law that initially required men between the ages of 21 to 30 to register for the draft. John J. Pershing – Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I.

18. Food Administration - World War I agency headed by Herbert Hoover; encourage increased agricultural production and the conservation of existing food supplies; its Speakers’ Bureau was headed by Harriot Stanton Blatch. War Industries Board – Agency led by Benard Baruch during World War I; allocated scarce goods, established production priorities, and set prices on goods.

19. Italy – Tried to remain neutral until 1915 when the nation joined the Allies. National War Labor Board – Agency created in World War I to settle disputed between workers and employers. Great Migration – mass migration of African American to the northern United States (cities) during and after World War I. Committee on Public Information – Agency created in 1917 to increase public support for World War I.

20. Espionage Act - Federal law that outlawed acts of treason during World War I. Sedition Act – Federal law enacted during World War I that made written criticism of the government a crime. Reparations – Payments for damages and expenses in war. Bolsheviks - Group of radical Russian socialists who seized power in 1917 following the overthrow of the czar.

21. Battle of Argonne Forest – Successful Allied effort to push back German troops from a rail center in Sedan, France. Fourteen Points – President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for organizing a post-World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars by using a League of Nations; nine of his fourteen points dealt with the issue of self-determination. League of Nations – International body formed in 1919 to prevent wars; first international peace-keeping organization.

22. Big Four – Collective name given to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, and Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando during the peace conference at Versailles. Treaty of Versailles – Treaty ending World War I that required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established a League of Nations.