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Chapters 20-21. Protists and Fungi. IV. Kingdom Protista . Protist: eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or a fungus Classified according to the way they obtain nutrition. V. Animal-like Protists: Protozoans. Zooflagellates: swim using flagella
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Chapters 20-21 Protists and Fungi
IV. Kingdom Protista • Protist: eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or a fungus • Classified according to the way they obtain nutrition
V. Animal-like Protists: Protozoans • Zooflagellates: swim using flagella - many live in lakes and streams where they absorb nutrients through their cell membrane
Sarcodines: use pseudopods for feeding and movement - examples: amoebas, foraminiferans, heliozoans
Ciliates: use cilia for feeding and movement - example: paramecium
Animal-like Protists and Disease 1. Malaria a. Plasmodium transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito b. Infects liver cells and red blood cells, causing them to burst
2. African Sleeping Sickness – Trypanosoma transmitted by the tsetse fly; damage to nervous system 3. Amebic Dysentery – Entamoeba spread through contaminated drinking water; attacks wall of intestine
Ecology of Animal-like Protists 1. Recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter; serve as the base of food chains 2. Trichonympha: lives in digestive systems of termites; digests cellulose in wood
VI. Plant-like Protists: Unicellular Algae • Use chlorophyll and accessory pigments to make food from sunlight • Euglenophytes: have 2 flagella; no cell wall
Ecology of Unicellular Algae 1. Make up a large part of phytoplankton – small, photosynthetic organisms found at the surface of the ocean 2. Symbiotic algae: some live together and help other organisms 3. Algal blooms: large masses of algae; dangerous to habitat
VII. Plant-like Protists: Red, Brown, and Green Algae • Red Algae: contain red accessory pigments; can live at great depths due to their efficiency in absorbing light energy
Brown Algae: contain brown accessory pigments; largest of the algae
Green Algae: share many characteristics with plants: photosynthetic pigments, cell wall composition
Uses of Algae 1. Major food source for ocean life 2. Used to treat health problems – ulcers, high blood pressure 3. Used as food thickeners – ice cream, salad dressing, pudding 4. Used in industry – plastics, waxes, deodorants, paints, artificial wood
5. Most important contribution… Produce much of Earth’s oxygen through photosynthesis
VIII. Fungus-like Protists • Obtain nutrients from dead or decaying matter • Slime Molds 1. Cellular and acellular molds 2. Important in recycling organic material
Water Molds: live on dead or decaying organic matter in water, parasites on land Cause of the Great Potato Famine
IX. The Kingdom Fungi • Fungi 1. Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls 2. Digest food outside of their bodies and then absorb it
Structure and Function of Fungi - Composed of tiny filaments called hyphae – some hyphae lack cross walls
Reproduction in Fungi 1. Most reproduce both asexually and sexually 2. Classified according to their structure and method of reproduction
X. Classification of Fungi • Common Molds - Zygomycetes 1. Reproduce using zygospores 2. Example: black bread mold
Sac Fungi - Ascomycetes 1. Reproduce using ascospores 2. Example: yeast • Club Fungi - Basidiomycetes 1. Reproduce using basidia 2. Examples: mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs
Imperfect Fungi – Deuteromycetes 1. Reproduce asexually only 2. Example: Penicillium – may have evolved from an ascomycete that lost its ability to reproduce sexually
XI. Ecology of Fungi • Decomposers - break down bodies and waste of other organisms (saprobes)
Parasites 1. Cause plant and animal diseases 2. Examples: ringworm and athlete’s foot form on outer layers of skin
Symbiotic Relationships 1. Lichens – fungus and a photosynthetic organism 2. Mycorrhizae – fungi on plant roots; help plants grow