Unit 2: Revolutionary War Ch. 5 Deciding Where Loyalties Lie 1763-1776

1. Unit 2: Revolutionary War Ch. 5 Deciding Where Loyalties Lie 1763-1776

2. Victory’s New Problems

3. Dealing with Indian & French Canadian Resistance • British P.M. George Grenville set out to solve the empire’s new problems • In order to solve the Indian problem, he issued the Proclamation of 1763 • In order to win over the French-speaking Catholic Canadians, he allowed them to preserve their religious & cultural ways

4. Revenue Taxes • In order to deal with the debt from the F/I War, he passed acts designed to raise tax revenues in the colonies for the British govt. • Sugar Act 1764 • Quartering Act 1765 • Stamp Act 1765 • First direct tax on the colonists • Required the use of govt-stamped paper, signifying the payment of the tax, on almost 50 different documents • Would affect everyone

5. American Reaction to the Taxes • Samuel Adams started a secret resistance organization called the Sons of Liberty, in which they staged public demonstrations & protests

6. American Reaction to the Taxes • Patrick Henry from the H of B in VA introduced 7 resolutions denouncing the Stamp Act • “no taxation without representation” • Most colonial assemblies followed VA’s lead & issued statements condemning the Stamp Act • Grenville responded by saying Americans were represented in Parliament under the theory of “virtual representation”

7. American Reaction to the Taxes • Oct. 1765 delegates from 9 colonies met at the Stamp Act Congress in New York City • Claimed that only colonial legislatures had the authority to tax the colonists • Significance – break down sectional divisions

8. American Reaction to the Taxes • Colonists agreed to boycott British goods, leading to the spread of the non-importation movement • Artisans & laborers saw the chance to sell their own goods • Women agreed to make homespun cloth as a replacement to British textiles

9. Repeal of the Stamp Act • Grenville was replaced by Lord Rockingham, who repealed the Stamp Act in March 1766, but passed the Declaratory Act instead • Reaffirmed Parliament’s right to pass legislation for & raise taxes from the colonies

10. Asserting American Independence

11. The Townshend Acts & Colonial Protest • New P.M. Charles Townshend imposed new taxes on the colonies through the Townshend Acts • Taxed imported items including glass, paper, paint, & lead products • Also placed a three-penny tax on tea • Ordered new customs boards to collect the taxes • Relocated “redcoats” to port cities to keep the peace

12. The Townshend Acts & Colonial Protest • John Dickinson wrote a pamphlet titled “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” • Claimed the T.A. violated the principle of “no taxation w/o representation” • Criticized “virtual representation” • Another massive boycott of British goods began in 1768

13. Boston Massacre • Facing the breakdown of law & order in Boston, the governor requested the support of British soldiers (1768)

14. Boston Massacre • Colonists taunted them, leading to a major confrontation on March 5, 1770 • Townspeople began throwing snowballs at the redcoats • Nervous & provoked soldiers opened fire, killing 5 • Years later, the incident was used as colonial propaganda

15. The Crisis Renewed

16. Disturbing the Peace of the Early 1770s • In March 1770, the new P.M. Lord North repealed all taxes, except that on tea • Period of relative peace set in, but only temporarily

17. Disturbing the Peace of the Early 1770s • June 1772, Rhode Island merchants sought revenge on customs operations • Local men boarded the Gaspee, looted it, & torched it

18. Disturbing the Peace of the Early 1770s • Colonies organized the Committees of Correspondence to keep alive opposition to British policies by spreading ideas & info

19. The Tea Act & the Tea Party • 1773 the British East India Tea Company was facing bankruptcy • Parliament tried to save them by allowing them to ship their tea directly to the colonial market at lower prices • However, the three-penny tax still remained

20. The Tea Act & the Tea Party • Crowds met the ships carrying the tea & prevented them from unloading it • MA governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the ships to leave until they unloaded their cargo

21. The Tea Act & the Tea Party • 1773 Bostonians who were part of the Sons of Liberty disguised themselves as Indians, boarded the ships & dumped the tea

22. The Intolerable Acts • Parliament responded quickly to the Tea Party with acts that punished Boston • Port Act • MA Govt. Act • Justice Act • A new Quartering Act

23. Quebec Act • At the same time, the British govt. passed the Quebec Act • French in Canada were allowed to practice Catholicism • Expanded the Canadian border to the Ohio River

24. The First Continental Congress 1774 • Delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philly to discuss ways of redressing colonial grievances • S. Adams, J. Adams, G. Washington, P. Henry

25. The First Continental Congress 1774 • Wrote the Declaration of Rights & Grievances, in which they allowed Parliament to regulate trade but refused to allow them to impose revenue taxes w/o their consent • Demanded the repeal of the Intolerable Acts • Approved the Continental Association, which called for a complete boycott of all British goods

26. The Decision for Independence

27. Lexington & Concord April 1775 • General Gage sent troops through Lexington to Concord to seize a stockpile of weapons & to arrest radical leaders S. Adams & J. Hancock

28. Lexington & Concord April 1775 • On April 18, 1775 Paul Revere & others rode off to warn the militia of the approaching army

29. Lexington & Concord April 1775 • At Lexington, the redcoats fired on the colonial militiamen, killing 8

30. Lexington & Concord April 1775 • Redcoats marched on to Concord where they didn’t find weapons but instead were forced to retreat by the Concord Minutemen • 73 redcoats were killed • War had begun

31. Second Continental Congress • Met in Philly 1775 • Authorized the printing of American paper money • Approved the creation of a Continental Army & appointed G. Washington to serve as commander

32. Second Continental Congress • Hoping to find a peaceful solution, they offered King George III the Olive Branch Petition • Reasserted colonial loyalty to the crown • Asked the king to intervene with Parliament on their behalf • The king rejected it

33. Second Continental Congress • The king approved the Prohibitory Act, which declared the colonies in rebellion & no longer under his protection

34. The Impact of “Common Sense” • Up until 1776, most patriots had blamed the problems on Parliament, not the king • Then in Jan. 1776, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet called “Common Sense”, in which he attacked the sanctity of the monarchy head-on

35. The Impact of “Common Sense” • He called for immediate independence • His simple, yet emotional writing style spoke directly to ordinary citizens, not just the political elite

36. Declaration of Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson, the 2nd C.C. formally ratified it on July 4, 1776

37. Declaration of Independence • Contained a preamble that heavily reflected the philosophy of John Locke regarding natural rights • Listed grievances that focused on the king’s abuse of power • Signified the official break of the colonies from England