Warm-Up

1. Warm-Up • What governing document was signed by the Pilgrims before landing at Plymouth? • Explain three beliefs of the Quakers. • Which region of the colonies was impacted the most by the Intolerable Acts? • What was Thomas Paine trying to convince the colonists to do in Common Sense? • Who wrote the Virginia Plan for the Constitution?

2. Articles of Confederation • Weak central government • Changing government law needs an unanimous vote. • Can’t regulate trade or currency. • Led to a economy weak • Governs the growing western territory • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Northwest Ordinance of 1787

3. Articles of Confederation • Page 137 • Eight groups • Each group will make a poster that contains eight cartoons. Each cartoon will represent a problem of the A of C. There are eight bullet points in the chart that represent these problems, make a cartoon for each. • You have 30 minutes to complete this assignment

4. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Established how land in the west would be surveyed. • This was land won during the American Revolution.

5. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • This ordinance broke the land into different territories and determined how they would become new states. • Congress appointed a governor and judges. • Territory would write a constitution and elect a government after 5,000 people lived there. • Once 60,000 people lived in a territory it could apply for statehood. Congress would approve.

6. Shays’s Rebellion - 1787 • Led by Daniel Shays • Farmers in debt • Many are war veterans • They could lose their farms • Led a rebellion of 1,200 to take the arsenal at Springfield but failed. • Shows need for stronger government. • G. Washington – “What a triumph for our enemies, to find out that we are incapable of governing ourselves.”

7. Warm-Up • What was the name of the first government in the United States? • Describe two weaknesses of the original government of the United States. • Explain the Land Ordinance of 1785. • Explain the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

8. Constitutional Convention, 1787 • Took place in Philadelphia • James Madison, VA - Father of the Constitution • Wrote the Virginia Plan

9. Two Different Plans • Virginia Plan = “Large State Plan” • Bicameral legislature, based on population • Benefits large states. • New Jersey Plan = “Small State Plan” • Each state gets one vote. • Benefits small states.

10. The Compromise • “The Great Compromise” – Roger Sherman • Combines the two plans (VA and NJ) • Two part Congress - House and Senate

11. Slavery • Some Southern states threaten not to join the Union if slavery was outlawed. • 3/5 Compromise: A slave counts as 3/5 of a person • Used for taxes and representation • Slave trade can be banned 20 years after ratification.

12. The Ratification Debate Federalists Anti-Federalists Against Ratification George Mason, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson A strong central government is dangerous, it weakens and threatens state power Threatens individual rights • For Ratification • James Madison, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay • Strong central government, promote economic improvement • Checks and Balances keep it from taking away peoples’ rights.

13. The Federalist James Madison John Jay Alexander Hamilton

14. The Federalist Papers • Hamilton, Madison, Jay • Federalist Paper #10 • Warned against factions. • Groups who have views that would take away others rights. • Federalist Paper #51 • Checks and Balances. • Separation of Powers

15. Warm-Up • Who wrote the Federalist Papers? • What were the two groups who debated ratifying the Constitution? • What are checks and balances? • Define the Virginia Plan. • Explain the Great and 3/5ths Compromise.

16. Why the Bill of Rights? • Many opposed to ratification were afraid of losing individual rights • Demanded a Bill of Rights to protect them • Final compromise of the convention

17. Bill of Rights • Written by James Madison in 1789 • 1stTen Amendments to the U.S. Constitution • Protected rights of individual citizens Madison

18. Amendment I • Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

19. Amendment II • A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

20. Amendment VIII • Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

21. Virginia Declaration of Rights • Written by George Mason in 1776 • First document to protect individual rights • Influenced Jefferson while writing the Declaration of Independence • Used as an example while writing the Bill of Rights

22. Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom • Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1779, adopted in 1786 • Established freedom of religion • Government cannot establish an official church • Its ideas were used in the Bill of Rights

23. Primary Source Reading • Virginia Declaration of Rights • Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

24. How does the new government work? • Three Branches • Legislative • Congress – the House of Representatives and the Senate • Executive • President • Judicial • Court System • Checks and Balances • Each branch has ways to prevent others from passing laws they do not agree with.

25. Examples of Checks and Balances • Presidential Veto. • Senate must confirm presidential appointments. • Supreme court and declare laws unconstitutional.