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The Rise of Mass Democracy in the Age of Jackson

Explore the transformation of American democracy during the Age of Jackson, examining key political figures, voting requirements, tariff battles, Indian policies, and the National Bank debate. Discover the rise of the "common man" and the challenges faced during this dynamic period.

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The Rise of Mass Democracy in the Age of Jackson

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  1. The Rise of Mass Democracy in the Age of Jackson Mr. Walters Chapter 13

  2. Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King”Andrew? OR

  3. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

  4. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

  5. Why Increased Democratization? • White male suffrage increased • Party nominating committees vs. old appt. system • Spoils system, less corruption and turnover. • Rise of Third Parties - more specific interests • Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) • Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: • Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) • Democrats (1828)

  6. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay[KY] John Quincy Adams[MA] John C. Calhoun[SC]

  7. Results of the 1824 Election A “Corrupt Bargain?”

  8. Opposition to John Quincy Adams • Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites. • Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds. • Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary. • A national university. • An astronomical observatory. • A naval academy. • Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

  9. Tariff Battles • Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles. • Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. • Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp]. • Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY. • The South alone was adamantly against it. • As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff. • They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

  10. Land & Indian Policies • John Quincy Adams: • His land policies gave westerners another reason to dislike him. • He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward! • He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers. • 1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA. • The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. • Congress sided with the governor of GA.

  11. The 1828 Election • Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY • He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of: • Northern farmers and artisans. • Southern slave owners. • Farmers with small land holdings. • He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party: • Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units. • Mass meetings, parades, picnics. • A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.

  12. Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree

  13. 1828 Election Results

  14. The New “Jackson Coalition” • The Planter Elite in the South • People on the Frontier -West • Artisans [competition from factory labor]. • State Politicians spoils system • To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY] • Immigrants in the cities.

  15. Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his Supporters

  16. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” • Intense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. • His heart & soul was with the“plain folk.” • Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

  17. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

  18. Tariff of Abominations • Jackson pushes forth the Tariff of 1828 • Helps Northern industry • Southerners take exception • SC proposes/threatens Nullification • VP Calhoun (SC) chooses his side . . .

  19. Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”

  20. 1832 Tariff Conflict • 1832 --> new tariff –Don’t mess with Jackson! • South Carolina’s reaction? • Jackson’s response? • Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff • -Who won?

  21. Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth (1834)

  22. Indian Removal • Jackson’s Goal? • 1830 Indian Removal Act • Cherokee Nation v. GA(1831)* “domestic dependent nation” • Worcester v. GA(1832) • Jackson:John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

  23. Indian Removal

  24. Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

  25. The National Bank Debate PresidentJackson NicholasBiddle[an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia]

  26. Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S. “Soft”(paper) $ “Hard”(specie) $ • state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from issuingbank notes freely. • supported rapid economic growth & speculation. • felt that coin was the only safecurrency. • didn’t like any bankthat issued banknotes. • suspicious of expansion &speculation.

  27. The “Monster” Is Destroyed! • “Pet Banks” • 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States. • 1836  the charter expired. • 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

  28. The Bank & the 1832 Election • Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election! • Biddle & his associates preferred Clay. • Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter. • The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it! • Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren. • BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!

  29. Positions on the Key Issues of 1832 WHIGS DEMOCRATS • Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. • Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. • Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. • For Indian removal. • Oppose tariffs. • States’ rights. • Oppose federal support for internal improvements. • Opposed the National Bank. • Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. • Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. • Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. • Opposes Indian removal. • Favored tariffs. • Supported a National Bank. Compare to today . . . .

  30. 1832 Election Results

  31. An 1832 Cartoon: “KingAndrew”?

  32. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren

  33. The Specie Circular (1836) • Speculators created “wildcat banks” that fueled the runaway inflation. • So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver. • This move shocked the system. • Jackson’s goal  to curb the land speculation.

  34. Results of the Specie Circular • Banknotes loose their value. • Land sales plummeted. • Credit not available. • Businesses began to fail. • Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837!

  35. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844(one year before his death) 1767 - 1845

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