Study of Life Chapter 1 Themes

1. Study of Life Chapter 1 Themes

2. Pre Assessment • Name the kingdoms of life. • Name 3 types of cells. Contrast these cells. • What are the 3 domains of all living things. • Name 1 scientist whose research led to the development of the cell theory. • What scientists led to the development of the DNA model? • Name 5 characteristics that all living things posess. • Who is the father of evolution? • What is the purpose of a control group? • What are protein catalysts?

3. OBJECTIVES 1. Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology. 2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology. 3. Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization. 4. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life. 5. Distinguish between holism and reductionism. 6. Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell. 7. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 8. Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function." 9. List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them. 10. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual framework of biology. 11. Outline the scientific method. 12. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning. 13. Explain how science and technology are interdependent

5. Why study themes of Biology? • Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge • too much to memorize it all • need to generalize • create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge • themes are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms

6. Unifying Themes • Emergent Properties~ hierarchy of life • The Cell~ all organism’s basic structure • Heritable Information~ DNA • Structure & Function~ form and function • Environmental Interaction~ organisms are open systems • Regulation~ feedback mechanisms • Unity & Diversity~ universal genetic code • Evolution~ biology’s core theme; differential reproductive success • Scientific Inquiry~ observation; testing; repeatability • Science, Technology & Society~ functions of our world

7. Emergent Properties/Characteristics of Life • Order. Organisms are highly organized, and other characteristics of life emerge from this complex organization. • Cells. All living organisms are made of cells • Reproduction. Organisms reproduce; life comes only from life (biogenesis). • Growth and Development. • Heredity

8. 6. Energy Utilization. Organisms take in and transform energy to do work, including the maintenance of their ordered state. 7. Response to Environment. Organisms respond to stimuli from their environment. 8. Homeostasis. Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a steady-state, even in the face of a fluctuating external environment. 9. Evolutionary Adaptation. Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms and their environment.

9. I. Life’s Hierarchical Order • The living world is a hierarchy, with each level of biological structure building on the level below it

10. I. Hierarchy of Organization • Atoms • Molecule • Organelle • Cells • Tissues • Organ • Organism

11. Levels of organization beyond the individual organism: Populations Localized group of organisms belonging to the same species Community Populations of species living in the same area Ecosystems An energy-processing system ofi community interactions that include abiotic environmental factors Biosphere The sum of all the planet's ecosystems

12. Form follows function • The alignment of structure & function is seen at all levels of biology • Levels of organization animation organ organism organelle cell

13. Check Point • Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology beginning with an Atom.

14. II. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function • Lowest level of structure capable of performing all activities of life. • All organisms are composed of cells. • unicellular or multi cellular • The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell and the formulation • of the cell theory. • Robert Hooke (1665) examination of cork- tiny boxes which he called "cells" (really cell walls). • Antonie van Leeuwenhok (1600's) used the microscope to observe living organisms • Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1839) ~all living things are made of cells. • This formed the basis for the cell theory.

15. Two major kinds of cells • Prokaryotic cell = Cell lacking membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-enclosed nucleus. • Archaebacteria and bacteria • Generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells • Contains DNA that is not separated from the rest of the cell, as there is no membrane-bound nucleus • Most have tough external walls

16. Two major kinds of cells • Eukaryotic cell = Cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed Organelles. • Protists, plants, fungi, and animals • DNA is segregated from the rest of the cell within the nucleus • Some cells have a tough cell wall outside the plasma membrane (e.g., plant • cells). Animal cells lack cell walls.

17. Check Point • Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.

18. Check Point • Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

19. III. Reproduction • Asexual • Binary Fission~ bacteria • Sexual • Gametes • Fruiting Bodies • Flowers • Meiosis

20. IV. Growth and Development • Growth • Development • Metamorphosis • Puberty

21. V. Heredity • Heritableinformation in the form of DNA • DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next T R A I T You can make more,a lot like you!

22. Heredity

23. Heredity • DNA • gene • chromosomes • Role of DNA

24. VI. Energy transfer • Life is an open system • need input of energy • energyflows through • energy comes in,energy goes out • need a constant input • need input of materials • nutrients are recycled around & around nutrients ENTROPY RULES! DECOMPOSERS RULE, too!

25. Check Point • What type of energy enters the atmosphere? • What type of energy leaves the atmosphere?

26. Energy utilization You think they’re eating…They’re harvestingenergy!

27. Organisms are open systems that interact continuously with theirenvironments • Organisms interact with their environment, which includes other organisms as well as abiotic factors. • Both organism and environment are affected by the interaction between them. • Ecosystem dynamics include two major processes: • 1. Nutrient cycling • 2. Energy flow

28. VII. Responsiveness • Stimuli • Response • Nervous System • Endocrine System • Electrical Impulses

29. VIII. Homeostasis • Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions • maintain homeostasis • achieve this through feedback • monitor the body like a thermostat • turn on when it’s needed, off when its not

30. Feedback • Positive feedback speeds a process up • Negative feedback slows a process down • Organisms and cells also use chemical mediators to help regulate processes

31. Feedback Regulation: Negative • Accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process • Example: sugar breakdown generates ATP; excess ATP inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway

33. Feedback Regulation: Positive • An end product speeds up its production • Example: blood clotting in response to injury

34. Examples of Regulation • The hormone insulin, for example, signals cells in vertebrate organisms to take up glucose. As a result, blood glucose levels go down. • In certain forms of diabetes mellitus, insulin is deficient and cells do not take up glucose as they should, and as a result, blood glucose levels remain high.

35. Provide an example of positive and negative feedback processes. • Ex. Positive~ During pregnancy contractions increase until the baby is delivered.

36. Metabolism • Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism • Enzymes • Activation energy • Anabolism- builds • Catabolism- breaks down

37. Metabolism

38. Charles Darwin IX. Evolution • Core theme of biology

39. Evolution explains unity & diversity • Unity • what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist? • common biochemistry & physiology • evolutionary relationships • connected through common ancestor • Diversity • but why are there differences? • natural selection • adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments

40. "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius DobzhanskyMarch 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University (1900-1975)

41. Examples • Bacterial resistance to antibiotics • Peppered Moths

42. Taxonomy

43. Need for a universal system Carolus Linnaeus Three Domains Bacteria Arachae Eukaryotes Kingdom-most inclusive Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Taxonomy

44. 3 Domains of Life- 6 Kingdoms Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

45. Organizing systems • Making sense out of the diversity • Hierarchical scheme Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

46. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name Genus species Examples Homo Sapien System is based on Phylogenetic relationships. Scientific Name

47. Science as a process of inquiry

48. Science as a process of inquiry • Built on repeatable observations & testable, falsifiable hypotheses

49. Scientific Method • Process which outlines a series of steps used to answer questions. • Not a rigid procedure. • Based on the conviction that natural phenomena have natural causes. • Requires evidence to logically solve problems. • The key ingredient of the scientific process is the hypothetico-deductive method • Involves: 1. Asking a question and formulating a tentative answer or hypothesis by inductive reasoning. 2. Using deductive reasoning to make predictions from the hypothesis and then testing the validity of those predictions.

50. Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning • Inductive reasoning = Making an inference from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion. • Deductive reasoning = Making an inference from general premises to specific consequences • Usually takes the form of If...then logic. • Usually involves predicting experimental results that are expected if the hypothesis is true