20.5:

1. 20.5: “Imperialism of Righteousness”

2. A. The White Man’s Burden • Many Americans proposed that the economic crisis required new markets for American production. • Others suggested Americans needed new frontiers to maintain their democracy. • The Chicago World’s Fair: • showed how American products might be marketed throughout the world • reinforced a sense of stark contrast between civilized Anglo-Saxons and savage people of color. • A growing number of writers urged America to take up the “White Man’s Burden.” • Clergymen like Josiah Strong urged Americans to help Christianize and civilize the world.

3. B. Foreign Missions • After the Civil War, missionary activity increased throughout the non-western world. • College campuses blazed with missionary excitement. • The YMCA and YWCA embarked on a worldwide crusade to reach non-Christians. • Missionaries helped generate public interest in foreign lands and laid the groundwork for economic expansion.

4. By the end of the nineteenth century, women represented 60 percent of the American missionary force in foreign lands. This photograph shows two Methodist women using “back chairs,” a traditional form of transportation, at Mount Omei in Szechwan, China. SOURCE:Yale Divinity School Library.

5. C. An Overseas Empire 1. Beginning in the late 1860s, the United States began expanding overseas. 2. Secretary of State William Henry Seward launched the nation’s Pacific empire by buying Alaska and expanding the United States presence in Hawaii. 3. The U.S. policy emphasized economic control, particularly in Latin America. 4. During the 1880s and 1890s, the United States strengthened its navy and began playing an increased role throughout the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific.

6. MAP 20.3 The American Domain, ca. 1900 The United States claimed numerous islands in the South Pacific and intervened repeatedly in Latin America to secure its economic interests.

7. D. Hawaii • The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898. • Hawaii was a stepping-stone to Asian markets. • In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay proclaimed the Open Door policy in Asia to ensure American access and laid the basis for twentieth-century foreign policy.

8. Brought to power with the assistance of American businessmen, Queen Liliuokalani sought to limit outsider influence. American Marines, Christian missionaries, and sugar planters joined in 1893 to drive her from her throne. A century later, the U.S. government apologized to native Hawai’ians for this illegal act. SOURCE:Library of Congress.