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Dysplasia

Dysplasia. Loss of uniformity of individual cells and loss of their architectural orientation (gall bladder, cervix etc) Pleomorphism Hyperchromatism Increased mitotic figures Causes are Chronic irritation, chronic inflammation Chronic infection Chances of becoming cancer are high .

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Dysplasia

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  1. Dysplasia • Loss of uniformity of individual cells and loss of their architectural orientation (gall bladder, cervix etc) • Pleomorphism • Hyperchromatism • Increased mitotic figures • Causes are • Chronic irritation, chronic inflammation • Chronic infection • Chances of becoming cancer are high

  2. Mechanism of intracellular accumulation

  3. Pathologic calcification • Pathologic calcification is the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts. • Dystrophic • Metastatic

  4. Dystrophic calcification • Dying tissues • Normal serum calcium levels • No metabolic derangment • Atheroma in heart.

  5. Metastatic calcification • Normal tissues • Hypercalcemia • Hyperparathyroidism • Hyperthyroidism • Vit D intoxication • Increased bone catabolism • Decreased bone formation • Blood vessels, kidneys, lungs

  6. Definition Clinical pathology is a specialty in which pathologists provide testing of patient samples (usually blood or urine) in several different areas. Determination of the level of enzymes in blood in case of heart attack or Level of glucose (sugar) in the blood of a patient with diabetes. The presence of bacteria and other microorganisms. Blood cells studies for various types of anemias

  7. Sections of the Laboratory CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1. Clinical Chemistry • BUN • Cholesterol • FBS 2. Clinical Microscopy • Analysis of body fluids • Urin analysis • Fecal anaysis • Semen analysis 3. Microbiology • Cultures (sputum, • blood, urine) Diagnostic bacteriology • Mycology ,Mycobacteriology • Virology • Immunology 4. Hematology Biggest section  Includes CBC,coagulation, PT, PTT 

  8. Blood bank Very critical section Bec. May have errors • Blood typing • Cross match • AB • Identification Goes hand in hand with serology and immunology Tests done for • MALARIA • SYPHILIS • HIV Serology/Immunology Cardiac and thyroid fxntest II. ANATOMY PATHOLOGY Histopathology  Submission of tissues for tests

  9. Clinical chemistry • the application of biochemical scientific knowledge and techniques for medical testing and using those results to diagnosis, prognosis, and improve healthcare. • cardiac care • cancer testing • organ transplant • Poisoning • prenatal testing • diabetes management • infectious disease testing • genetic testing

  10. Coagulation • PT, PTT, fibrinogen, factor 8, antithrombin 3, platelet counts. • platelet hypofunction states • von Willebrand disease • disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemophilia • thrombocytopenia

  11. Cytogenetics • The branch of biology that studies the cellular aspects of heredity (especially the chromosomes. • The branch of genetics that studies the relationships between the structure and number of chromosomes as seen in isolated cells and variation in genotype and phenotype . • The study of the structure of chromosomes. blood and bone marrow taken from patients for chromosomal abnormalities.

  12. Molecular diagnostics • Molecular diagnostics is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused on the study and diagnosis of disease through interrogation of nucleic acids and proteins within solid tissue and body fluids.  In our view, molecular diagnostics is an interdisciplinary science shared between anatomic and clinical pathology

  13. Reasons for ordering tests • Aid in diagnosis • Confirm diagnosis • Evaluate prognosis • Monitor therapy • Screen for a disease

  14. Nature of Request STAT • Performed immediately and by itself   • Run control and standard • 20-50% More expensive • TAT is shortened • Request is needed Today • confusing • Performed as soon as possible, given priority • Based on “running time” Routine • Done with the batch • Wait for TAT stated by laboratory

  15. Values REFERENCE VALUES Better term than “normal value” Pulled value, usually 95%of population Vary in diff. hospitals but not that far SIGNIFICANT VALUES Clinical decision should be made if higher or lower than reference value Usually when 2x to 3x

  16. CRITICAL VALUES • Needs immediate attention • “panic values” • Should call physician • Patient is at risk

  17. Reference Values Not fixed for all Should consider: • Age • Sex • Pregnancy • Diurnal Variation • Race • Blood type

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