Scientific Revolution

1. Scientific Revolution Chapter 22

2. Setting the Stage: • Renaissance: rebirth of learning and the arts inspired curiosity in other fields. • Reformation: people began to challenge the accepted beliefs about God and salvation. • Reformation & Scientific Revolution were taking place at the same time in Europe.

3. Geocentric Theory • Aristotle: • Earth was at the center of the universe and all other planets revolved around the earth. • Christianity backed up the claim, teaching that God placed the Earth at the center. • Medieval way of thinking about the universe.

4. A New Way of Thinking • Scientific Revolution: • Scholars challenge the old beliefs. • Based their thoughts on: • OBSERVATION • WILLINGNESS TO QUESTION ACCEPTED BELIEFS.

5. The Road to Discovery • Explorers discovering new lands in Africa, Asian and the Americas. • New truths were to be found! • Astronomy & Mathematics. • Navigation tools---ASTROLABE • Classical Knowledge had reached its limit…needed new answers.

6. Heliocentric Theory • Nicolaus Copernicus: • Rediscovered an old Greek idea that the sun was at the center of the earth. • 25 year study: the Earth and other planets do, in fact, revolve around the Sun. • CIRCULAR ORBIT • Moon revolved around the Earth • Movement of the sun was Earth’s movement on its axis

8. Kepler • Kepler: • Used mathematical laws to prove for a fact that the sun was the center of the universe. • Orbits of the planets was elliptical rather then circular. • The sun at one focus of the ellipse rather than at the center.

9. Kepler

10. Galileo Galilei • Built his own telescope to further study astronomy. • Discovered what the planets were made of. • Planets composed of material like that of Earth. • Starry Messenger: • Jupiter had four moons • The Sun had dark spots • Moon’s surface was rough and uneven

12. Conflict with the Church • Galileo’s findings were against all church teachings and authority. • Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems • Copernicus & Ptolemy’s ideas presented. • Galileo supported Copernicus’s ideas. • Galileo was summoned to the Inquisition.

13. Standing Trial • 1633: Galileo under the threat of torture read aloud a statement confessing that Copernicus was wrong. • House arrest for the rest of his life.

15. Scientific Method • Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. • Who are the fathers of the method? • FRANCIS BACON & RENE DESCARTES

16. Francis Bacon • Believed scientists relied to heavily on Aristotle. • Experimental Method: • Experiment and then draw conclusions.

17. Rene Descartes • Relied on mathematics and logic rather than experiments. • Everything is in question until proved reason.

18. Isaac Newton • The Law of Gravity • Every object in the universe attracts every other object. • The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.

19. Medicine & the Human Body • Studies in anatomy from corpses completed for the first time in Europe. • Small Pox vaccine in the late 1700s. • Inoculation with germs taken from Asia for centuries. • Used cowpox to create very first vaccination.

20. Revolution Spreads • Instruments: • Microscope • Barometer • (predict weather & atmospheric pressure) • Thermometer

21. Chemistry • Robert Boyle: • Matter made up of smaller primary particles that joined in many different ways. • Boyle’s Law: • Explains how volume, temperature and pressure of a gas affect each other.

22. ENLIGHTENMENT

23. Definition of Enlightenment • Intellectual movement that stressed: • REASON • THOUGHT • POWER OF THE INDIVIDUAL

24. TWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENT HOBBES LOCKE All people are born free and equal. THREE NATURAL RIGHTS: Life, Liberty & Property Governments power comes from Consent of the people Govt. fails; people can overthrow the govt. • LEVIATHAN • Man is naturally selfish & wicked. • People hand over their rights to a powerful leader. • Control the citizens!! • ABSOLUTE MONARCH

25. HOBBES & LOCKE

26. The agreement(s) is called the: SOCIAL CONTRACT • People hand over rights to government in return for: • Law & order

27. Philosophes Advocate Reason • Groups of social critics • Have 5 core beliefs: • Reason • Nature • Happiness • Progress • Liberty

28. 18th Century Philosophes • VOLTAIRE • MONTESQUIEU • ROSSEAU • BECCARIA • WOLLSTONECRAFT

29. VOLTAIRE • Satirist • Made fun of the monarchy, clergy and aristocracy of France. • Defended: • Freedom of speech • Tolerance • Freedom of Religion • Was exiled for two years.

30. MONTESQUIEU • On the Spirit of Laws • Division of power • 3 Branches of Government • “Should be a check to the power of Government.”

31. ROSSEAU • Agreement among free individuals to create a free society & govt. • DIRECT DEMOCRACY • Individual Freedom • Man is born free • No noble titles

32. BECCARIA • Improve Justice system • Speedy trial • No Cruel & Unusual Punishment • Punishment based on degree of crime.

33. WOLLSTONECRAFT • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman • Women’s education should be just as important then men’s education • Encouraged women in medicine & politics. • Salon used to discuss topics.

34. ENLIGHTENMENT & MONARCHY • ENLIGTENEND DESPOTS • Monarchs that used the ideas of the Enlightenment to rule justly

35. FREDERICK the GREAT • Prussian • Supported Education for all. • Banned torture • End to censorship • Tolerant of religions

36. JOSEPH II • Austria • Freedom of the press • Freedom of worship • Abolished serfdom • Peasants paid for work.

37. CATHERINE the GREAT • Russia • Expanded Empire • Abolishing torture & capital punishment • Religious toleration • Peasants revolt led to end of reforms. • Russia • Expanded empire • Separation of Powers • Abolished torture & capital punishment • Religious toleration • Peasant revolt ended reforms.

38. AMERICAN REVOLUTION Section 4

39. Americas road to Independence • Colonies of Great Britain • High Taxes • Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts • Boston Tea Party • Colonist revolt, throw tea overboard in Boston Harbor. • Lexington & Concord—”Shot heard around the world”

40. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • Wrote by Thomas Jefferson. • Official break from Great Britain • G.B. broke Social Contract • Colonist could rebel to overthrow monarchy. • “All men are created equal…”

41. Influence of the Enlightenment • Locke: Govt’s power comes from consent of people. • Montesquieu: Separation of Powers • Rousseau: Direct Democracy • Public election of officials. • Voltarie: Free speech; religious toleration • Beccaria: Accused have rights & no torture.

42. NEW CONSTITUTION • Checks and Balances • Each branch checking the power of the other. • Executive-Legislative-Judicial • Federal System: power divided b/t Federal & State governments. • Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

43. BILL OF RIGHTS • Amendments protect basic rights such as: • freedom of press, • speech, • assembly, • religion.

44. Effects of Enlightenment • Progress: • Education, Toleration, Free Speech, etc… • Secular Outlook • Question religions beliefs • Importance of the Individual • Judge right & Wrong • Government changes • Economic changes