CGMS Evolving Baseline and Global Contingency Plan

1. CGMS Evolving Baseline and Global Contingency Plan Jérôme LafeuilleWMO Space ProgrammeRapporteur of CGMS WG on Contingency Planning

2. Workshop objectives • Advancing the understanding of GCOScontinuity requirements building on the GCMPs and of risks associated with planning and implementing a robust global satellite-based climate observing capability • Engaging the climate community to consider in some depth continuity priorities in relation to individual, and collections of, ECVs • Using this analysis to specify architectural enhancements that will enable the GOS to better meet the needs for sustained climate observation from space.

3. Talking points • About CGMS • The « old » CGMS baseline architecture • The proposed new CGMS baseline architecture • Contingency Planning issues

4. NOAA NASA JMA JAXA CNSA Roshydromet CMA Roscosmos IMD ISRO CNES UNESCO-IOC Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites • Established in 1972 • Operational or R&D satellite operatorscontributing to WMO and WMO-supported programmes (e.g. WWW, GAW, GCOS, JCOMM..) • WMO and IOC representing global user communities

5. IROWG Scope of CGMS • Technical coordination • Orbits, sensors, calibration • Data formats, downlink frequencies • Dissemination standards and techniques • Cooperative mission planning and mutual back-up in case of system failure • Operational observation architecture: baseline configuration, contingency plan, standards and best practices • Coordinates efforts one.g.: • Products (with science groups) • User training (through Virtual Laboratory)

6. The « old » CGMS baseline architecture

7. Summary of the « old » baseline • 6 geostationary satellites with: - multispectral VIS/IR imagery- IR sounding- data collection and dissemination- other missions as appropriate (ERB) • 4 SSO satellites (2 AM and 2 PM) with:- multispectral VIS/IR/MW imagery - IR/MW sounding- direct broadcast • Contingency plans using back-up satellites in a cooperative way

8. The proposed new CGMS baseline architecture • Includes more « climate » missions • A step towards implementation of the «Vision of GOS in 2025» • Implementation target : 2015 • Under review for adoption by CGMS-39 ( October 2011)

9. Updated Baseline : (1) Geostationary • At least 6 geostationary satellites at evenly distributed locations, with redundancy, and performing: • Multispectral Vis/IR imagery every 15 min • IR sounding (some of them hyperspectral) • Lightning detection • Data collection • Other missions as appropriate, e.g. ERB, high spectral resolution UV sounding, Space Environment Monitoring, data dissemination.Routine intercalibration against reference instruments or calibration sites

10. Updated Baseline: (2) Sun-synchronous (SSO) A constellation of operational SSO satellites deployed around 3 orbital planes and performing : • Visible, Infrared and Microwave imagery • Microwave sounding • Infrared hyperspectral sounding (at least am and pm) • Wind scatterometry over oceans • Radio-occultation sounding(at least am-pm, plus dedicated constellation) • Broadband VIS/IR for Earth radiation balance(at least am-pm) • Total Solar Irradiance(at least one spacecraft) • Space environment monitoring • Data collection • Direct Broadcast • Other missions as appropriate, e.g. atmospheric composition Routine intercalibration against reference instruments or calibration sites

11. Updated Baseline : (3) Other LEO missions The following missions shall be performed “on an operational basis” by Low Earth Orbit satellites on “appropriate orbits”: • Ocean surface topography referencemission (high-precision, inclined orbit, in addition to the 2 altimeters on SSO) • Radio-Occultation sounding(constellation of sensors on appropriate orbits) • Narrow-band VIS/NIR imagers(at least one SSO am spacecraft)for ocean colour, vegetation, aerosol monitoring • High-resolution multi-spectral VIS/IR imagers(constellation of SSO satellites, preferably in am) for land surface imaging • Infrared imagery for reference high-accuracy SST(one am spacecraft) • All passive instruments should be inter-calibrated on a routine basis against reference instruments or calibration sites.

12. Continuity requirements and implications on architecture • Baseline should define for each mission : nominal coverage (spatial/temporal sampling ) back-up provisions if relevant (contingency planning) • First thing is to secure long-term funding and nominal planning • Contingency planning approach • Risk analysis: for each mission, impact of degraded or no data? • Criteria for contingency situation ? • Mitigation strategy ? • Cooperative decision framework for mutual support ?

13. Contingency planning

14. Current Global Contingency Plan (1/2) • Recalls baseline GEO/LEO configurations for « weather missions » • Risk management recommendations for programme implementation • Including back-up provisions • Contingency criteria based on critical mission continuity requirements • GEO imagery • LEO sounding and imagery • Data access , Tropical Cyclone regions • Framework for mutual support in case of contingency on GEOs • « Help-your-neighbour ! » • Complemented by bilateral agreements

15. Current Global Contingency Plan (2/2) Climate missions are addressed in the plan but in generic terms only • No globally agreed baseline • No clear contingency criteria • Mainly refers to GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles for satellites • Avoid drifting ECTs of sun-synchronous missions • Launch on schedule to provide overlap • Calibration and ground-truth • Etc.

16. Different « continuity » approaches (a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up

17. Launch readiness Launch Different «continuity» approaches (a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up (b) Launch upon failure

18. Different «continuity» approaches (a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up (b) Launch upon failure (c) Overlap for cross-calibration and product validation

19. Reference Reference Different «continuity» approaches (a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up (b) Launch upon failure (c) Overlap for cross-calibration and product validation (d) Consecutive missions with reference for consistent calibration

20. Modelling supported by recurrent space missions Different «continuity» approaches (a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up (b) Launch upon failure (c) Overlap for cross-calibration and product validation (d) Consecutive missions with reference for consistent calibration (e) Recurrent missions as anchor observations for model validation

21. Conclusions • CGMS is updating the baseline configuration reflecting its committment to implement WMO Vision for 2025 • Includes larger contribution to sustained climate observations • Different approaches possible for « continuity of observation » of ECVs • Needs precise understanding of continuity requirementsto define baseline with appropriate level of back-up capabilities

22. Thank you for your attention. Questions ?

23. Some CGMS milestones • 1972: Creation of theCoordination of Geostationary Meteorological Satellites • 1978: First Global GARP Experiment involves a constellation of 5 GEO First contingency relocation of a satellite (over Indian Ocean) • 1979-89: India (79), EUMETSAT (87), China (89), joined CGMS • 1984-2003: Satellite back-up operations in 84, 91, 92, 98, 03 • 1992: LEO satellite coordination transferred to CGMS ( after IPOMS ) • 2000: CGMS & WMO establish the Virtual Laboratory for Training • 2003-05: CNES, ESA, JAXA, KMA, NASA, ROSCOSMOS joined CGMS • 2005: CGMS & WMO establish GSICS First issue of the Global Contingency Plan • 2006: Joint WMO-CGMS response to GCOS IP and Satellite Supplement • 2007: Updated GEO/LEO baseline and Contingency Plan (including Chinese missions)