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Ireland: 1171 to 1850

Ireland: 1171 to 1850. 1171 Invasion by Henry II. Considered one of England’s greatest medieval kings King during assassination of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury Henry named Lord of Ireland by Pope Adrian IV, only English pope

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Ireland: 1171 to 1850

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  1. Ireland: 1171 to 1850

  2. 1171 Invasion by Henry II • Considered one of England’s greatest medieval kings • King during assassination of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury • Henry named Lord of Ireland by Pope Adrian IV, only English pope • Invaded Ireland: maybe to place new Christian diocese under Canterbury’s control • England maintained ownership via power of papacy through 1541 • English presence dwindled through 14th and 15th centuries Henry II

  3. Henry VIII and Ireland • 1541: Henry declared the “Kingdom of Ireland” and embarked on Tudor “re-conquest” • Gaelic lords could attend Irish parliament • Irish remained Catholic; England protestant • Tudors attempted to impose English language, culture, religion • Henry: “Surrender and Re-grant” policy – Irish lords to submit to English sovereignty, and receive their lands back

  4. Irish Rebellions • Gaelic custom: elect clan chiefs, whose elections often led to war • Henry VIII insisted on primogeniture, which involved English in clan disputes • Mary I and Elizabeth I suppressed revolts through the imposition of Plantations • Plantations: English overlords to impose English culture and language • Philip II supported Irish against Tudors, but failed to gain independence

  5. Irish Rebellion of 1641 • Charles I’s failed invasion of Scotland led to Protestant parliamentarians publicly calling for invasion of Catholic Ireland • Catholic Irish gentry rose against the Protestant Irish Parliament and English Long Parliament, loosely supporting Charles I • Catholic Irish killed thousands of Protestant “settlers” • English “Ordinance of No Quarter” dictated killing of Irish rebels • Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army violently put down rebellion, seized lands, destroyed gentry • Polarization from rebellion remains today

  6. United Kingdom of Great Britain • 1603: union of Scotland and England through the person of James I • 1707: England and Scotland unified into “Great Britain” • 1801: Act of Union unified Ireland into the “United Kingdom” of Great Britain • Irish rebellion of 1798 and madness of George III: need for order • Irish parliamentarians offered titles, land, money in exchange for support • Catholic Emancipation of 1829 allowed Irish Catholics to sit in Parliament

  7. Potato Famine • Irish land typically divided among sons, so farms shrank with each generation • Holdings so small that farmers could grow only one crop per year; 1/3 of farms could not adequately feed family • Blight struck 1845-1849; 500,000 to 1M died; 1M emigrated • Robert Peel repealed Corn Laws slowly; imported corn • English required paid labor in exchange for food: farmers couldn’t return to farms • Soup kitchens eventually replaced work programs • Poor Laws required farmers to abandon land; few would do it

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