Wilmot Provisio Compromise of 1850 Free Soil Party Fugitive Slave Law Kansas and Nebraska Act

1. VOCABULARY • Wilmot Provisio • Compromise of 1850 • Free Soil Party • Fugitive Slave Law • Kansas and Nebraska Act • Bleeding Kansas • Stephen Douglas • Republican Party • Abraham Lincoln • James Buchanan • Do questions from pgs. • 394: 2, 3, 4 and 5 • 400: 3, 4 and 5 • Dred Scott Decision • John Brown • Election of 1860 • South Carolina • Secession • Confederacy • Jefferson Davis • Union • Jefferson Davis • Fort Sumter

2. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 • New intellectual and religious movements. • Social reforms. • Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. • Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization. • Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct. decisions. • Increase in American nationalism. • Further westward expansion.

3. Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! • “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats. • Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. • Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! WHY?

4. The 1848 Presidential Election Results √

5. Results of the Mexican War? The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.* Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

6. Map expansion Wilmot ProvisionProhibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war

7. Wilmot Proviso, 1846 • Wilmot Proviso • David Wilmot, an abolitionist, US Representative from PA • Prohibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war • Passed House but defeated in Senate in 1846 Congressman David Wilmot(D-PA)

8. Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California resumes slavery question • Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession if California becomes a free state. • Abolitionists and several political parties support California as a free state. • Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: • South wants Fugitive Slave Law enforced.

9. Map 8 of 45

10. Comp of 1850 CALIFORNIA QUESTION • Most intense debate in U.S. History • John C. Calhoun • North should honor the Constitution and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law • South wanted California • threatened to secede from U.S. • U.S. should have two Presidents---one from the North and one for the South • Daniel Webster • Secession is impractical & impossible • How would we split the land? • The military? • Compromise at all cost • Preserve the Union • Henry Clay • The Great Compromiser, with John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas, propose this compromise.

11. Picture/S.Douglas CALIFORNIA QUESTION • Solve the slavery issue through Popular Sovereignty • Let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not. Stephen Douglas • U.S. Senator from Illinois, a Democrat and author of Popular Sovereignty. Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the Compromise of 1850

12. Map Comp of 1850 • Compromise of 1850 • California enters as a free state • Create two new territories with Popular Sovereignty • Utah and New Mexico Territory • End slave trade in Washington, DC. • Enforce the Fugitive Slave Law Popular Sovereignty Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want slavery to exist or not in their state.

13. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW • ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND • Denounced by Abolitionists • Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published • Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law • Underground Railroad becomes more active

14. Fugitive Slave Law FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS “An immoral law makes it a man’s duty to break it, at every hazard. For virtue is the very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void. The Fugitive Slave Law is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping, a crime on one footing with arson and murder. A man’s right to liberty is as inalienable as his right to life……” Ralph Waldo Emerson

15. Fugitive Slave Law FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS “3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!” William Lloyd Garrison

16. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW SOUTHERNERS RESPOND • Southerners threatened secession and war • Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law. • 5th Amendment • Supremacy Clause

17. Expansionist Young America in the 1850s • America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America…. • This is called “filibustering” when private citizens carry out wars against countries. • If won, they would become slave territories for the South.

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21. Kan. & Neb Act KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT • Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North • Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. • Proposed a plan to create two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska • Territories were allowed to decide the slavery issue, Popular Sovereignty • In return for building the railroad in the North.

22. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 • Kansas Nebraska Act • Create two new territories • Open it up to popular sovereignty

24. “Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians”(pro-slavery Missourians) vs.Radical Abolitionists who want to keep Kansas free

25. Map Bleeding Kan BLEEDING KANSAS • Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers. • First violent outbreaks between north/south. • First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in 1856. • Over 200 killed Led by Abolitionist John Brown who kills 5 pro-slavery settlers. Attacks by free-states Attacks by pro-slavery states

26. “Bleeding Kansas” • Armed Antislavery Men • Though no one would deny that their cause was noble, many of the men who flocked to Kansas to resist the expansion of slavery were no less violent than their proslavery adversaries. • Picture taken in 1859, shows a gang of armed antislavery men who had just broken an accomplice out of jail in neighboring St. Joseph, Missouri. • Like proslavery "Border Ruffians," many of these men also served in guerrilla bands during the Civil War and some went on to careers as famous outlaws after the war was over.

27. “Bleeding Kansas” • Free State Battery, 1856 • The slave state of Missouri opposed the entry of antislavery advocates for years and, by the 1850s, actively tried to prevent their passage through Missouri on the way to Kansas. • "Free-staters" traveled through Iowa instead, often bringing arms with them. This small cannon, left over from the Mexican War, helped create "Bleeding Kansas."

28. Bleeding Kan BLEEDING KANSAS • Kansas territory became a battleground. • Pro-slavery vs. antislavery supporters • Bitterly divided the nation • Led to the formation of the Republican Party. • The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas.

29. “The Crime Against Kansas” vs. Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC) Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

30. “The Crime Against Kansas” Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC) Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA) Congressman Preston Brooks beats Senator Charles Sumner over the speech he gave about Kansas Territory being part of a larger Slave Power Conspiracy……Outraged by the speech, Brooks nearly clubs Sumner to death.

31. Chart/Rep. Party Abraham Lincoln re-enters politics and gives over 125 speeches against the expansion of slavery by 1860. Formed to stop the expansion of slavery and opposition to the Kansas Nebraska Act Free Soil Party against the expansion of slavery BIRTH OF THEREPUBLICAN PARTY,1854 NorthernDemocrats opposed the expansion of slavery Abolitionists National Republican which become the Whigs. Know Nothing Party against immigration and expansion of slavery.

32. Picture/Dred Scott DRED SCOTT DECISION • Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states. • His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave. • He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. • Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue • Can a slave sue for his freedom? • Is a slave property? • Is slavery legal?

33. Chart/Effect of Scott DRED SCOTT DECISION Supreme Court’s decision: • Slaves cannot sue the for their freedom because they are property. • They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution. • Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that • Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory • Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional

34. Chart/Effect of Scott DRED SCOTT DECISION National “fallout” from the Court’s decision: • North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law • Free states pass personal liberty laws. • Republicans claim the decision is not binding • Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union.

35. Reading/Scott decision DRED SCOTT DECISION Chief Justice Roger B.Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted. “They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race.”

36. Chart/L&D Debates LINCOLN DOUGLAS DEBATES • Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois in 1858. • The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for the Presidency in 1860. • Slavery was the national issue • Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other. • was against the expansion of slavery • Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people. • Popular sovereignty

37. Picture/ L&D Debates LINCOLN DOUGLAS DEBATES • Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty could work against the expansion of slavery….. • This was called the Freeport Doctrine Southerners would not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860

38. Reading/Lincoln on slavery Lincoln’s compares the black and white races during the 1858 debates. “I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which I belong, having the superior position. I have never said anything to the contrary, but I hold that not with standing all this, there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated (expressed) in the DOI, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is as much entitled to those rights as the white man. I agree with Judge Douglas he is not my equal in many respects---certainly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right to eat the bread, without leave or anybody else, which his own hand earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas and the equal of every living man”.

39. LINCOLN'S HOUSE DIVIDED SPEECH Under the operation of that policy (Kansas/Nebraska Act and Dred Scott Decision), that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented (slavery has grown). In my opinion, it will not cease, until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.”

40. LINCOLN'S HOUSE DIVIDED SPEECH Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as South. Abraham Lincoln, 1858 during the Lincoln/Douglas Debates

41. John Brown: Martyr or Madman?

42. Picture/J.Brown JOHN BROWN • Violent abolitionist • Involved in the Bleeding Kansas • Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas • Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South.

43. Picture/J.Brown JOHN BROWN • On the night of October 16tth, 1859, Brown and 21 men, including 5 blacks raided the government armory and arsenal at Harpers Ferryto begin his slave revolt. • Brown became trapped inside the fire-engine house and on the 18th the building was stormed by US Marines. • The fighting ended with 10 of Brown's people killed and 7 captured, Brown among them.

44. John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

48. Picture/J.Brown JOHN BROWN • Brown is captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee • Put on trial for treason.

49. Picture/J.Brown Hanging JOHN BROWN • He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. • His last words were to this effect:“I, John Brown, am now quite sure that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood!!!” • Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause. • Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end slavery. • South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country.

50. Reading/Tubman on Brown Upon hearing of John Brown’s execution, escaped slave and abolitionist Harriet Tubman paid him the highest tribute for his self-sacrifice. “I’ve been studying, and studying upon it and its clarto me, it wasn’t John Brown that died on that gallows. When I think how he gave up his life for our people and how he never flinched but was so brave to the end; its clar to me it wasn’t mortal man, it was God in Him.”