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ENDOCRINE

ENDOCRINE. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS. SMALL OVAL GLAND NESTLED IN SELLA TURCICA CONNECTED TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS BY THE INFUNDIBULUM DIAPHRAGM SELLA DURAL SHEATH THAT ENCIRCLES INFUNDIBULM LOCKS IN PLACE ISOLATES PITUITARY FROM BRAIN

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ENDOCRINE

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  1. ENDOCRINE

  2. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS • SMALL OVAL GLAND • NESTLED IN SELLA TURCICA • CONNECTED TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS BY THE INFUNDIBULUM • DIAPHRAGM SELLA • DURAL SHEATH THAT ENCIRCLES INFUNDIBULM • LOCKS IN PLACE • ISOLATES PITUITARY FROM BRAIN • ALLOWS RELEASE OF HORMONES WHILE STILL MAINTAINING BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

  3. INFUNDIBULUM • NERVE FIBERS TRAVELING FROM HYPOTHALAMUS TO THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

  4. 0.5 GRAMS LESS THAN 15MM

  5. ENTER CAPILLARIES • REGULATORY HORMONES ENTER CAPILLARY BED • FENSTRATED ENDOTHELIUM • ALLOW LARGE MOLECULES TO ENTER • HYPOPHYSEAL ARTERY FEEDS

  6. HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM • UNITE TO FORM LARGER VESSELS • SPIRAL AROUND INFUNDIBULUM • AS ENTERS ADENOHYPOPHYSIS FORMS A SECOND CAPILLARY SYSTEM • BRANCHES SURROUND ENDOCRINE CELLS

  7. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS VS ADENOHYPOPHYIS • POSTERIOR VS ANTERIOR PITUITARY • PRODUCES 9 HORMONES TOTAL • 2 FROM POSTERIOR • 7 FROM ANTERIOR • ALL BIND TO MEMBRANE RECEPTORS • ALL ACTIVATE c AMP

  8. DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY • NEUROHYPOPHYSIS-DOWNGROWTH OF DIENCEPHALON • ADENOHYPOPHYSIS--ROOF OF MOUTH FORMS RHATHKE’S POUCH

  9. PARS DISTALIS ON LEFT/PARS NERVOSA ON RIGHT

  10. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS ON RIGHTNEUROHYPOPHYSIS ON LEFT

  11. THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS • PARS NERVOSA • CONTAINS AXONS OF HYPOTHALMIC NEURONS • SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEI -- ADH • PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI-OXYTOCIN • AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT • MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS BETWEEN SOMA AND SYNAPTIC TERMINALS • ANTEGRADE FLOW • RELEASED TO BASMENT MEMBANES OF CAPILLARIES

  12. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS • TANGLES OF UNMYELINATED NERVE FIBERS • SECRETE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE AND OXYTOCIN • PRODUCED IN HYPOTHALAMUS AND RELEASED IN POSTERIOR PITUITARY • HERRING BODIES ARE ACCUMULATIONS OF NEUROSECRETORY GRANULES

  13. HERRING BODIES ARE DIAGNOSTIC FOR THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

  14. HERRING BODIES ARE THE DILATED ENDINGS OF HYPOTHALMIC NEURONS

  15. PITUICYTES SUPPORT NEURONS IN NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

  16. THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS • PARS DISTALIS • PARS TUBERALIS • PARS INTERMEDIUS • PROMINENT IN ANIMALS • PRESENT IN THE HUMAN FETUS AND HUMAN CHILDREN • ABSENT IN ADULT HUMANS

  17. HISTOLOGY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

  18. CLASSIFICATION BY STAINING CHARACTERISTICS • CHROMOPHOBES • ACIDOPHILS • BASOPHILS

  19. CLASSIFICATION BY SECRETION • SOMATOTROPES--GH • ADRENOCORTICOLIPOTROPES/ CORTICOTROPES--ACTH & MSH • THYROTROPES--TSH • LACTOTROPES/MAMMOTROPES--PRL • GONADOTROPES--LH & FSH

  20. ADRENOCORTICOLIPOTROPES • PRODUCE ACTH AND LIPOTROPIC HORMONE

  21. ADRENOCORTICOLIPOTROPES

  22. SOMATOTROPES • GROWTH HORMONE

  23. SOMATOTROPH

  24. LACTOTROPHS • PROLACTIN

  25. THE PARS DISTALIS • ANTERIOR • MAJOR PORTION OF THE ADENOHYPHYSIS • TINY CLEFT SEPARATES IT FROM PARS INTERMEDIA

  26. PARS INTERMEDIA • PRESENT IN ANIMALS • CAUSES SEASONAL COLOR CHANGES IN FUR • PRESENT IN HUMAN FETUS • PRESENT IN HUMAN CHILD • INTEGRATES INTO PARS DISTALIS IN HUMAN ADULT

  27. THYROID • ANTERIOR TO TRACHEA • TWO LOBES • CONNECTED BY ISTHMUS • MAY HAVE PYRAMIDAL LOBE • WELL DEVELOPED NERVOUS SYSTEM

  28. THYROID FOLLICLES • FILLED WITH GELATINOUS COLLOID • EXTRACELLULAR STORAGE SITE FOR THYROID HORMONE • ONLY GLAND IN BODY WITH EXTRACELLULAR STORAGE SITE • HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF FOLLICLES

  29. PARENCHYME CELLS • FOLLICULAR CELLS • MOST PREVELENT • LINE FOLLICLES • PRODUCE THYROID HORMONE • PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS/CLEAR CELLS • USUALLY LARGER THAN FOLLICULAR • BETWEEN FOLLICLES • PRODUCE CALCITONIN

  30. THYROID FOLLICLE

  31. PARATHYROID GLANDS • TINY • LENTIL SIZED • FOUND IN POSTERIOR OF THYROID • USUALLY TWO IN EACH LOBE • TOTAL WEIGHT ABOUT 1 GRAM

  32. CELLS OF THE PARATHYROID • PRINCIPAL CELLS/CHIEF CELLS • MOST ABUNDANT • SECRETE PARATHYROID HORMONE • OXYPHIL CELLS • SEEM TO STORE RESERVE OF PARATHYROID HORMONE

  33. ADRENAL GLAND • CORTEX • MEDULLA

  34. ADRENAL GLANDS • LOCATED AT TOP OF KIDNEYS • EACH WEIGHS 4 GRAMS • DIVIDED INTO MEDULLA AND CORTEX

  35. PARTS OF ADRENAL GLAND • CORTEX • MEDULLA

  36. ADRENAL GLANDS • FOUND IN AREA OF THE 12TH RIB • NESTLED BETWEEN KIDNEY, DIAPHRAGM AND MAJOR VESSELS IN AREA. • RETROPERITONEAL • ANTERIOR SURFACE COVERED WITH PERITONEUM

  37. ADRENAL CORTEX • ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 90% OF WEIGHT OF GLAND • 5-7g • DERIVED FROM MESODERM • PRODUCTS ARE STEROIDS • ALL TRANSPORTED BY TRANSCORTIN

  38. ZONES OF THE CORTEX • ZONA GLOMERULOSA • ALDOSTERONE • ZONA FASCICULATA • CORTISOL • ZONA RETICULARIS • ANDROGENS

  39. ZONA GLOMERULOSA • JUST BELOW CAPSULE • SUPPLIES CELLS FOR REGENERATION IF NECESSARY • PRODUCES MINERALOCORTICOIDS • ALDOSTERONE

  40. ZONA FASCICULATA • DEEP TO GLOMERULOSA • MAKES UP BULK OF CORTEX • PRODUCES GLUCOCORTICOIDS • MORE CHOLESTEROL HERE THAN ANYWHERE ELSE • ALSO LOTS OF VITAMIN C

  41. ZONA RETICULARIS • DEEPEST LAYER OF CORTEX • SECRETE GONADOCORTICOIDS

  42. STEROID HORMONES ARE SECRETED BY SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  43. ADRENAL MEDULLA • INNER MOST PORTION OF ADRENAL GLAND • DERIVED FROM NEURAL CREST CELLS • SAME AS SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA • COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM CORTEX • MAY EXTEND INTO ZONA RETICULARIS

  44. CELLS OF THE MEDULLA • CELLS ARE GROUPED IN CLUMPS AROUND BLOOD VESSELS • CHROMAFFIN CELLS • SYTHESIZE • STORE • SECRETE EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE

  45. PINEAL GLAND • PEA SIZED • LOCATED IN ROOF OF DIENCEPHALON • IN EPITHALAMUS • NEUROTRANSDUCER • CONVERTS LIGHT AND DARK INTO AN ENDOCRINE SIGNAL • MELATONIN

  46. PINEAL GLAND

  47. PINEAL SAND

  48. THYMUS • DOUBLE LOBED LYMPHOID ORGAN • ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM • BEHIND STERNUM • CORTEX • MEDULLA

  49. CORTEX • MANY LYMPHOCYTES

  50. MEDULLA • FEWER LYMPHOCYTES • HASSAL’S CORPUSCLES • UNKNOWN FUNCTION • PRODUCES THYMOSINS

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