Popes and Rulers 01.25.12

1. Popes and Rulers 01.25.12 Popes and Rulers 01.25.12 • Charlemagne set out to improve the Church • Many advisors were members of the clergy • 799, receives visit from Pope Leo III • Wanted protection from Charlemagne • In thanks, Pope crowned Charlemagne emperor in a coronation • Strengthened power of the Church in Europe • Showed only Pope could crown Emperors • Charl. thinks GOD made him Emperor • Pope thinks CHURCH made C. Emperor • After Charlemagne, Otto the Great was chosen to lead • Crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962 • Used Church to support his authority • 1073, Pope Gregory VII becomes Pope • Issued list of rules over the supreme authority over secular leaders and church leaders • Only Pope chose bishops, remove Emperors • Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is NOT pleased, felt attacked

2. Henry names his own bishop, Gregory appoints a rival • Henry tries to remove Pope, Pope excommunicates Henry • Frees Henry’s subjects from their oaths of loyalty to their emperor • Divides the clergy and secular leaders • Henry begs in the snow for 3 days for forgiveness from the Pope • Pope gives in, forgives!  • Henry then marches his army to Rome and forces the Pope out of office • 1122 sign Concordat of Worms • Church appoints bishops, Emperors gives fiefs to bishops

3. Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta 01.27.12 Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta 01.27.12 Do Now: • What rights did Pope Gregory VII claim as pope? • Why was the power to chose the bishops such a big factor in the conflict between the pope and the emperors? • Vikings settled in Normandy, France as great feudal lords • Called Normans • England ruled by weak king, Edward the Confessor • Harold Godwin or William the Conqueror of Normandy both want to be king • Harold named King but is killed by William in 1066 in the Battle of Hastings • English have inferior weapons • End of Anglo-Saxon rule in England • England changes • Now about 180 feudal lords, not 5000 • Power held by Normans, led to creation of English language • http://www.phschool.com

4. 1199 King John claims to rule Normandy as well as England • Has to raise taxes to pay for conquering, angers his lords/barons • Force him to sign the Magna Carta(Great Charter) in 1215 • Says no one is above the law, even King • trials by jury in court cases, • Need council of barons to raise taxes • English common law comes from local customs and judges’ decisions • ex. Habeas corpus: right to a trial • Must produce a writ: court order • Magna Carta leads to English Parliament • Assembly of representatives to pass laws • House of Lords – nobles • House of Commons – knights, peasants

5. Do Now: Complete your vocabulary words for this chapter. This is still part of Unit 7, so you may continue on where you previously have “UNIT 7 VOCABULARY”. Words can be found on starting p. 413 in blue WORDS: Clergy Coronation Secular Excommunicate Common law Habeas corpus Writ Parliament Pilgrim Crusade Heresy Inquisition Reconquista

6. Religious Crusades 01.31.12 • Christians traveled as pilgrims to the Holy Land in Jerusalem and Palestine • Muslim Turks conquered Jerusalem, started harassing pilgrims • Byzantine Emperor (a Christian) asked Pope for help • 1095 Pope Urban II called for “soldiers of Christ” to defend Constantinople, free Jerusalem • Slogan “God wills it!” (Deus Vult!) • Success, took back Jerusalem! • Pope compared Crusades to feudalism with God as feudal lord needing protection • Difficult journey with disease, robbers, etc. • Four Crusades in all, 1st was greatest • Muslims treated with no respect • 4th Crusade attacked Constantinople, destroyed icons, attacked women What’s the problem with the 4th Crusade attacked Constantinople? 1 sentence in your book, please!

7. Effects of the Crusades: 1. Opened Europeans’ eyes to the rest of the world 2. Encouraged trade with the East • Brought home silk, spices, ideas 3. Inspired the great voyages of discovery • Crusades used as an excuse for violence against non-Christians • Jews persecuted, killed, kicked out of countries (England, France) • Crusades also targeted heretics • Christians must believe in what the Church says • Pope Gregory IX created the Inquisition to investigate/judge heretics • Excommunication, no food, whipping, fines, imprisonment all punishments • If you did not confess, execution

8. Christians and Muslims in Spain02.01.12 Christians and Muslims in Spain02.01.12 • Muslims in Spain = Moors, mainly in S. Spain • Modern, advanced city of Cordoba • Rulers very tolerant of Jews and Christians, very multicultural • Home of famous philosophers, IbnRushd and Moses Maimonides • Non-Muslims had to pay special tax • By 1050, the Pope encouraged Christians in N. Spain to drive the Muslims from S. Spain • Reconquista (reconquest) • 1139, Portugal becomes independent • 1236, Cordoba fell, only Granada stays Muslim • 1469: Ferdinand marries Isabella, unites different parts of Spain

9. Granada falls in 1492 • Anti-Jewish attacks start • Isabella and Ferdinand are very religious • Bring in Torquemada (a monk) to head the Spanish Inquisition • Uses torture and terror against Jews and Muslims • 1492, rulers order all Jews to leave Spain and Portugal • Many moved to Italy, Ottoman Empire • Muslims eventually ordered out as well • Loss of two groups harms Spain’s economy and culture • Loss of intellectual/cultural contributions