Chapter 13.3 and 13.4

1. Chapter 13.3 and 13.4 The Feudal and Manorial Systems The Growth of Monarchies

2. 13.3-The Feudal System Knights did not exist at the beginning of the Middle Ages. There were large armies that fought on foot As the Middle Ages progressed Knights began to emerge, what was responsible for this shift?

3. 13.3- The Feudal System • Origins of Feudalism • Invasions from Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims . In the face of these attacks Kings all over Europe found themselves unable to defend their lands and their noblemen's lands • Noblemen had to protect their own lands • Built Castles on hilltops to retreat to when attacked

4. 13.3- Feudal System • Knights and Lords • To defend the castles they needed trained soldiers • The most important soldiers were Knights • Knights need weapons and protection so they demanded payment for their service • They were typically paid in land- fief • Anyone who accepted fief was called a vassal and the person giving the land was called a lord. • The exchange of land for services is called the feudal system

5. 13.3- The Feudal System • Feudal Obligations • Lords and vassal had duties to fulfill to another • Knights provided military service, remain loyal and not turn against his lord. This promise was called fealty- or loyal • Knight had to pay for the lord ransoms if captured • Knight also gave his lord money on special occasions • Lord had too protect the Knight when attacked by enemies • Lord had to act as judge between disputes knights

6. 13.3- The Feudal System • A Complicated System • The feudal system in Europe was very complex • A Person could be a lord and a vassal at the same time • Some knights given large lands subsides it and gave fief and gained vassals.. Ect… • One knight could serve many lords • If a Knights two lords went war the knight had choose between the two • Almost every Knight served two lords • They were all suppose to be loyal to the King • However many nobleman ignored their duties as vassal to the king and the authority of the king faded • The Feudal obligation could change over time and space

7. 13.3- Manorial System • Manorial System • The feudal system was essentially a political and social system. A related system was at the heart of medieval economics. This system was called the manorial system because it was built around large estates called manors

8. 13.3- Manorial System • Lord, Peasant, and Serfs • Lords owned the manors and the peasants and serf worked on the land in exchange for protection and plots of land • Most workers were serfs- someone who is tied to the land • Technically not slaves because they could not be sold • However they were not free to leave the land or marry without the lord permission • Serfdom was herditary

9. 13.3 The Manorial System • A Typical Manor • Lots of farm land • 3-field crop system to help preserve the land and yield better crops • Manor house for the nobles to live in • Village where the peasants and serfs lived • Lords wanted the manor to be self sufficent • So it included church, mill and a blacksmith

10. 13.3-Daily Life in the Middle Ages • Life in a Castle • Castles were in place of manors and were built for defense purposes • Private rooms were very rare because they had to many occupants • Most bedrooms not separate • Waste system traveled in pipes into the moat of river • Hay as toilet paper

11. 13.3- Daily Life in the Middle Ages • Life in a Village • Families lived in one or two bedrooms homes they built themselves • Hay roofs for insulation and water protection • Slept on hay beds, little furniture • Woke up early – boys and men work in the fields- girls and women worked with the animals and the home. Everyone worked in the field during harvest time

12. 13.4- Growth of Monarchies • Turn to page 388- Read 388-389 • THE ENGLISH MONARCHY • Anglo-Saxons • 878 Alfred The Great an Anglo-Saxon ruled in England, his descendants ruled until 1066

13. 13.4- English Monarchy • The Norman Conquest • King died without an heir and 2 men claimed the throne, Harold a English nobleman and William, the duke of Normandy a distant relative of the dead king • William won the battle for the throng and became known as William the Conqueror • Claimed all the land in England as his property • Gave land to his noblemen • Had a survey taken of English property to see how much he could tax each land- collected in the Domesday Book • Since William was from France and so were his noblemen French culture began to influence England

14. 13.4 English Monarchies • The English in France • Williams descendants not only gain the English throne but also his power and land in Normandy as the duke of Normandy • Williams great-grand son gained the throne and married a powerful French noblewomen- Elaine of Aquitaine which added all of her French land to his rule.

15. 13.4-The English Monarchy • Magna Carta • 1200 the English Monarchy was very powerful and worried the nobles • In 1215 King John lost English French holdings and lots of money. He tried to tax the nobility and they refused and took up arms against him • Forced King John to sign the Magna Carta which outlined the noblemen's rights, and restricted the kings power. • Set forth ideas of limiting the government and kings power • Even the king was not above the law • One of the most important historical documents in the formation of modern democracies

16. 13.4- The English Monarchy • Parliament • 1260 another rebellion broke out against the king • As a peace agreement the king agreed to meet with the nobility, clergy, and middle class to discuss key issues in England • This lead into the development of the Parliament which is still a governing body in England • In 1295 King Edward I help define the role of Parliament and allowed representatives from every county • Power to create taxes, advise king on law making and royal policy • He helped create England’s centralized government

17. 13.4- Other European Monarchies • France • After Charlemagne the kings of France did not rule much territory. Noblemen typically own more land than the king and had more power. Even England ruled parts of France. • In 900 Capetiansa noble family took control of France and expanded the rule of the monarchy in France • By 1300 the Capetians ruled most of modern France

18. 13.4- Other European Monarchies • Holy Roman Empire • After Charlemagne died the Empire spilt (west became France east became Germany • France remained under one king for the most part • Germany was spilt up into many small states and ruled by their own Duke • 936 Duke of Saxony, Otto the Great had enough support from nobles and became the King of Germany and he united most of Germany • In 962 Pope John XII named him the emperor of Rome • Otto’s territories became known as the Holy Roman Empire • Holy because of the pope • Roman because Charlemagne once ruled those territories • Once the Holy Roman Empire the dukes still held most of the power and were able to name the next emperor rather than the titled being passed down

19. 13.4- Other European Monarchies • Spain and Portugal • Many years Muslims (moors) were in control of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) • A few Christian ruled a small kingdom in the northern part of the peninsula • Once civil war broke out amongst them Christians waited until they were weakened to retake the Iberian Peninsula. These campaigns were called the Reconquista • Christians gained the advantage with help form other kingdoms. In 1100’s Portugal pushed the moors out and est the Kingdom of Portugal. • In the 1230’s the pushed out the Moors in Spain • Not completely driven out of the Peninsula until 1492 • In the late 1400’s a royal marriage between the two kingdoms combined the two and became the most powerful country in Europe.