Cognition: Memory Chapter 8

1. Cognition: MemoryChapter 8

2. Cognitive Psychology • Subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes. • Studies on memory, thinking, reasoning, problem solving, language, intelligence, and creativity. • “Cognitive Revolution" initiated by Noam Chomsky -- 1960s • Trace back to Piaget

3. Count the syllables in 45 Secs. • Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. • Brain: an apparatus with which we think that we think. • Nothing fixes a thing so intensely in the memory as the wish to forget it.

5. 10 equations & 20 seconds 6 X 7 15 – 6 13 + 4 3 X 9 16 / 4 19 – 8 8 X 5 9 + 6 6 / 2 4 X 8

7. Memory Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. Our ability to store and retrieve information. If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger.

8. Take out a piece of paper….. Name the seven dwarves….. Now name them…..

9. Was it easy or hard? It depends on several things…. If you like Disney movies? When was the last time you have seen the movie? Are people around you being loud so you cannot concentrate?

10. 30 words & 2 minutes circle pilot tubing apple midnight bread rope pottery mind bell dog office shape head problem sister map edge kite flap coat thunder section brand point sleigh folder train account wallet

11. The Memory Process Three step process…. 1. Encoding: The processing of putting information into the memory system. 2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

12. Three Box/Stage Model of MemoryAtkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory,b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory

13. Baddeley & Hitch's Model of Working Memory (1974)

14. Encoding • Getting Information In • Parallel Processing vs Serial Processing • Automatically Processed– Space b/w objects, sequence & how often events happen • Effortful Processing – Novel/ New Info Requires attention and effort

15. Figure 2

16. The Ways we can Encode… • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. (Associate w/ what already know = better recognition later than acoustic or visual alone) • Organizational Encoding: Categorizing / Chunking / Hierarchies

17. Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…

18. Memory & Encoding Effects • Primacy Effect • Recency Effect • Serial Positioning Effect (When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items)

19. Rehearsal &Spacing Effect • Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition • Hermann Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ • We retain information better when we rehearse over time (Spacing Effect) • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!! • Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

20. Rehearsal Forgetting Curve

21. Storage: Retaining Information Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below: Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval

22. Storage: Sensory Memory A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information. George Sperling’s (1960) research on Iconic Memory – free recall vs cued recall (brief perfect image then discarded) Echoic Memory

23. 80 60 Percent Recognized 40 20 0.15 0.30 0.50 1.00 Time (Seconds) Sensory Memory The longer the time delay, the greater the memory loss.

24. Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long Sensory Memories The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.

25. Short Term Memory • The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM. • Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically. • Working Memory

26. Why a Working Memory Model? • A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory • Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically. • Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.

27. STM/ Working Memory Capacity • George Miller • The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two(1956). • Limited capacity = 7 bits ± 2 Ready? M U T G I K T L R S Y P George Miller

28. Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M Chunking: • Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. • Acronyms are examples of chunking HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan,Erie, Superior ROY G. BIP = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Purple 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1

33. Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally My Very Earnest Mother Just Served Us Nine Pies • Mnemonicdevices Utilize Vivid Imagery & Organizational Devices to aid memory • Examples = Method of Loci (visualize places) & Peg Word Approach (1 = bun) • Rehearsal

34. Working Memory Duration Peterson and Peterson (1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal. CHJ MKT HIJ 547 547 544 541 … CH?? Duration of working memory is about 20 sec.

35. Working Memory Duration

36. Memory Feats – Simon Reinhard & Ben Pridmore -- WMC

37. Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval

38. Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information. Lasts for Years.

40. Memory Stores

41. Storing Memories Long-Term Potentiation • Synaptic Enhancement after learning (synaptic plasticity) • long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. • In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory.

42. Storing Memories • Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. • Flashbulb memories are clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events

43. Storing Implicit & Explicit Memories • Explicit Memory = Declarative memories -- facts and experiences that you consciously know and declare. • Implicit memory = Procedural memories & Conditioned learning.

44. Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories -- Events • Semantic Memories – Facts & Meaning • Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories

45. Anterograde Amnesia After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but could not make new memories. We call this anterograde amnesia. Anterograde Amnesia (HM) No New Memories Memory Intact Surgery

46. Implicit Memories • Procedural Memories = Skills • Conditioned Memories • Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories

47. A C B Implicit Memory HM was unable to make new memories that are declarative (explicit), but he could form new memories that were procedural (implicit). HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery. Each time he played it, he was unable to remember the fact that he has already played the game.

48. Case of Clive Wearing

49. Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store.

50. Types of Retrieval Recall Recognition you must retrieve the information from your memory using effort. fill-in-the blank or essay tests The capital of France is ______. you must identify the target from possible targets multiple-choice tests