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WHAT IS OROGENY? Processes of mtn building

WHAT IS OROGENY? Processes of mtn building. Deformation Folding and thrust-faulting Metamorphism Intrusions: batholiths, etc Volcanic Activity. TYPES OF MOUNTAINS. Volcanic: Shield and composite Fault-block: normal faulting and tension Folded: compression, reverse faulting

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WHAT IS OROGENY? Processes of mtn building

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  1. WHAT IS OROGENY?Processes of mtn building Deformation Folding and thrust-faulting Metamorphism Intrusions: batholiths, etc Volcanic Activity

  2. TYPES OF MOUNTAINS • Volcanic: Shield and composite • Fault-block: normal faulting and tension • Folded: compression, reverse faulting • Complex: mixture of most of the above

  3. Mauna Loa in Background Kilaeua is Behind Mauna Loa Mauna Kea Shield volcano Hot Spot Basalt

  4. Kilaeua Newest ground in The world Asthenosphere coming To the surface

  5. Composite Volcano Mt Rainier Compressive forces Subduction zones Andesitic composition

  6. Guagua Pichincha, Ecuador Quito in foreground Composite volcanoes explosive

  7. Normal fault Footwall moves Up relative to Hanging wall FOOTWALL HANGING WALL Tension forces

  8. Tilted fault-block range: Sierra Nevada from east, Steep side of block fault; Ansel Adams photo

  9. Tilted Fault-block Sierra Nevada from west Side, low angle Yosemite valley the result Of glaciation on low-angle relief

  10. Wasatch Range From Salt Lake City Typically fault- Block system

  11. Grand Tetons: Another fault-block system

  12. Alternating normal faults lead to a characteristic pattern called a Horst and Graben system. An area under tension will often have Multiple mountain ranges as a result.

  13. Horst and Graben Landscapes Figure 12.14

  14. Basin and range province: tilted fault-block mountains in Nevada. The results of a horst and graben system. Nevada is under tension Because of rising magma which is unzipping the system, all the way From Baja California Sierra Nevada and Wasatch Ranges part of this system

  15. REVERSE FAULTS: Hanging wall moves up relative to footwall Result of compression: plates colliding Two types: low-angle or thrust faults, and high-angle reverse faults Individual layers can move 100’s of kilometers Alps are a great example

  16. Thrust faults main cause Of folded mountains

  17. Appalachian Mountains of the US

  18. Atlas Mountains, Northern Africa

  19. Classic folded terrain: well-developed anticline

  20. ZAGROS MTS PERSIAN GULF Alternating Anticlines and Synclines

  21. High-angle reverse faults Forms “Sawtooth Mtns” Flatirons classic example Sawtooth effect result of Differential erosion

  22. SAWTOOTH RANGE, IDAHO Alice Lake White Cloud peak

  23. COMPLEX MOUNTAINS Tend to have a little of Everything: volcanoes, Folds, thrust faults, normal faults ALPS HIMALAYAS

  24. ANDES: Classic example

  25. ANDES: CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF GENERIC MTNS

  26. Compression causes expansion • Layered rock formed • Thrust-faulting • Igneous intrusions: Plutons • Underplating • Regional metamorphism South American Plate Nazca Plate

  27. ANATOMY OF AN OROGENGIC BELT

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