Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

2. Variations in Individual and Group Behavior Domain

3. Psychological Disorders Chapter

4. Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders Module 31

5. Clarify • Dissociation is not the same as psychosis. Dissociation involves breaking away from the sense of self, either by losing memory and identity or by adding personalities. Psychosis involves a break with reality, believing things that are untrue, or having hallunciations about things that aren’t there.

6. Dissociative Disorders Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

7. Dissociative Disorders • Disorders in which the sense of self has become separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, or feelings

8. Types of Dissociative Disorders • Three main types: • Dissociative Amnesia • Dissociative Fugue • Dissociative Identity Disorder

9. Dissociative Disorders

10. Dissociative Disorders:Dissociative Amnesia Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

11. Dissociative Amnesia • A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory in reaction to a traumatic event • Example: soldiers in combat • Young man in a boat wreck; only survivor; traumatic and so losses memory of incident.

12. Dissociative Disorders:Dissociative Fugue(fUge) Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

13. Dissociative Fugue • A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of identity and travel to a new location • From the same root word as fugitive. • The person may develop a new identity and begin a new life. • Can last a few hours, months or even years. • Unconscious response to stress (as with other dissociative disorders)

14. Dissociative Disorders:Dissociative Identity Disorder Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

15. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Rare and controversial dissociative disorder in which an individual experiences two or more distinct and alternating personalities • Formerly called multiple personalities • Before the 1970s fewer than 100 cases had ever been reported. • In the 1980s alone, reports of more than 20,000 diagnosed cases appeared, almost all of them in North America

16. Controversy • Psychologists debate whether is really exists. Are today’s clinicians simply more knowledgeable and willing to make a diagnosis? Are there better diagnostic rules (thus reducing the number of cases that were misdiagnosed as other things, like schizophrenia)? • Skeptics believe the power of suggestion has been at work. Clinicians (who have read about the disorder) may be unintentionally suggesting multiple personalities to their clients.

17. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Personalities can be different ages, sex, and self perception of characteristics • Three Faces of Eve • Sybil

18. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Insert “Multiple Personality Disorder” Video #31 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. • This same clip is on the Brain Series. • Oprah - Jani

19. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Many videos on Learner, all three sites. • Oprah: Art Therapy and Dissociative Identify Disorder; Kim Noble;

20. Schizophrenia Disorders Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

21. Schizophrenia • Group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions • Is not one disorder but a family of disorders • Is not “split personality” • Occurs in about 1% of the population

22. Schizophrenia • Play “Schizophrenia: Symptoms” (5:39) Module #26 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

23. Schizophrenia Disorders:Symptoms of Schizophrenia Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

24. Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Symptoms of schizophrenia include: • Delusions (false beliefs) • Hallucinations (false perceptions) • Inappropriate emotions or behaviors • Perhaps the most frightening & most misunderstood psychological disorder. • “Schiz” means split, but not slit from personality; it’s a split from reality • Affects 1% of the world’s population; typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and strikes men at a slightly greater rate than women.

25. Symptoms of Schizophrenia

26. Delusions • False beliefs that are symptoms of schizophrenia and other serious psychological disorders • Four major types of delusions: • Grandeur • Persecution • Sin or guilt • Influence

27. Delusions of Grandeur • False beliefs that a person is more important than they really are • Patients may believe they are a famous person (e.g. Napoleon)

28. Delusions of Persecution • False beliefs that people are out to get the person • Believe they are being followed, the phone is wiretapped, etc.

29. Delusions of Sin or Guilt • False beliefs that the person is responsible for some misfortune • Plane crash because you didn’t brush your teeth

30. Delusions of Influence • False beliefs of being controlled by outside forces • “the devil made me do it”

31. Hallucinations • False perceptions that are symptoms of schizophrenia or other serious psychological disorders • Types of hallucinations: • Auditory (hearing voices) • Visual (seeing things) • Tactile (feeling skin sensations) • Can also have distorted smell and taste

32. Inappropriate Emotions/Behaviors • Flat affect – showing little or no emotional response • Word salad – nonsense talk • Waxy flexibility – the person’s arms and legs will remain in place after being moved there • Inappropriate actions – speaking too loudly or engaging in odd mannerisms

33. Schizophrenia Disorders:Types of Schizophrenia Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

34. Types of Schizophrenia

35. Paranoid Schizophrenia • Characterized by delusions, especially grandeur and persecution. Auditory and other hallucinations support the delusions. A Beautiful Mind

36. Catatonic Schizophrenia • Characterized by variations in voluntary movement • Catatonic excitement – rapid movements with delusions and hallucinations • Catatonic stupor – little or no activity, movement, or speech (waxy flexibility)

37. Disorganized Schizophrenia • Characterized by bizarre behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. • Very disturbed thought and language (word salad)

38. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Symptoms that don’t clearly fit into one of the other types of schizophrenia but still show clear symptoms of schizophrenia

39. Schizophrenia in the Real World • Play “Cop Psychiatrists” (10:30) Segment #32 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition).

40. Schizophrenia Disorders:Causes Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

41. Schizophrenia • Play “Schizophrenia: Etiology” (14:45) Module #27 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

42. Biological Factors - Genetics • Schizophrenia tends to run in families. • Genetics appears to produce a predisposition (increased likelihood) to develop schizophrenia. Genain Quadruplets

43. Genetics and Schizophrenia

44. Biological Factors – Brain Structure • Brain structure of those with schizophrenia is different than the normal brain • Those with schizophrenia have smaller amounts of brain tissue and larger fluid filled spaces. • The thalamus is smaller in those with schizophrenia.

45. Biological Factors – Brain Function • The brain of those with schizophrenia operates differently than the normal brain. • The frontal lobes show less activity. • Those with schizophrenia have a larger number of receptor sites for the neurotransmitter dopamine.

46. Biological Factors – Brain Function

47. Schizophrenia • Insert “The Schizophrenic Brain” Video #29 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

48. Biological Factors – Prenatal Viruses • A viral infection during the middle of pregnancy may increase schizophrenia risk.

49. Psychological Factors • Two main areas: • Stress • Disturbed family • It’s unclear whether these are causes or consequences of schizophrenia.

50. Personality Disorders Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders