4.1.1 Biodiversity

1. 4.1.1 Biodiversity

2. Biodiversity The amount of biological diversity per unit area. It includes: genetic, habitat and species diversity

3. Genetic Diversity Is the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species.

4. Habitat Diversity Variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, lakes, oceans, coral reefs, wetlands, and other biological communities, (niches per unit area).

5. Species Diversity Is the number of species or organisms per unit areafound in different habitats of the planet.

6. State of US species.

7. Arctic Circle Arctic Circle 60° EUROPE NORTH AMERICA ASIA 30°N Tropic of Cancer Atlantic Ocean AFRICA Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 0° 150° 120° 90° 30°W 0° 60°E 90° 150° SOUTH AMERICA Indian Ocean Tropic of Capricorn AUSTRALIA 30°S Antarctic Circle 60° ANTARCTICA Critical and endangered Threatened Stable or intact Projected Status of Biodiversity 1998–2018

8. What are the relationships among ecosystem stability, diversity, succession and habitat ?

9. How does diversity change during succession? • How does habitat diversity influence species diversity and genetic diversity? • How does ecosystem complexity, with its variety of nutrient and energy pathways, provide stability? • How do human activities (agriculture, mining, logging, etc.) modify succession? • What are the potential positive and negative results of human activities that simplify ecosystems? (monocrop agriculture)

10. Why Should We Care About Biodiversity? Instrumental value: usefulness to us. Intrinsic value: because they exist, Regardless of whether they are useful to us or not.

11. Foxglove Pacific yew Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer Goods • Food, fuel, ecosystems, species, fiber, lumber, paper, … • 90% of today’s food crops • 40% of all medicines (85% of antibiotics)

12. Ecological Services: • Flow of materials, energy, and information in the biosphere • Photosynthesis • Pollination • Soil formation and maintenance • Nutrient recycling • Moderation of weather extremes • Purification of air and water

13. Information: • Genetic information: adaptation and evolution • Genetic information for genetic engineering • Educational and scientific information Option: • People would be willing to pay in advance to preserve the option of directly using a resource such as a tree, an elephant, a forest or a clean lake.

14. Recreation: • Hunting, fishing, swimming, scuba diving, water skiing, . . . . • Eco-tourism • Existence • Aesthetic • Protect natural capital for future generations Nonutilitarian:

15. 4.1.2-.4 Natural Selection Evolution of mammals

16. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/teachstuds/svideos.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/teachstuds/svideos.html

17. Darwin and Evolution

18. Evolution are the changes in the gene pool of a population over time. Natural selection process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. Adaptation is an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival.

19. Darwin Wolf Pinta Genovesa Marchena Santiago Bartolomé Seymour Råbida Baltra Pin zon Fernandia Santa Cruz Santa Fe Tortuga San Cristobal Española Floreana EQUATOR Galåpagos Islands Isabela

21. Marine Iguana Land Iguana

23. KONA FINCH extinct KAUAI AKIALAOA AMAKIHI LAYSAN FINCH IIWI AKIAPOLAAU APAPANE MAUI PARROTBILL fruit and seed eaters insect and nectar eaters FOUNDER SPECIES

24. Based on his observations, Darwin proposed that EVOLUTION occurs by NATURAL SELECTION.

25. Darwin’s Postulates • Variation within populations. • Overproduction of offspring. • Struggle for existence. • Unequal survival and reproduction rates. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/teachstuds/svideos.html

26. Population of organisms Mutations & Sexual reproduction produces variations among offspring. Overproduction of offspring Limited resources leads to a struggle for survival between offspring. Survivors reproduce more successfully. Population changes over time.

27. Evolution of Mammals

28. DISPERSAL OF HIGHLY EVOLVED PLACENTAL MAMMALS South America Extinctions of many marsupials and early placental mammals About 5 million years ago, during the Pliocene Fig. 27.19d, p. 471

29. Nonvertebrate chordates Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

31. Eurasia North America MONOTREMES, MARSUPIALS EVOLVE AND MIGRATE THROUGH PANGEA South America Africa India Australia Antarctica About 150 million years ago, during the Jurassic Fig. 27.19a, p. 471

32. MONOTREMES Platypus Spiny anteater

33. MARSUPIALS Koala Tasmanian Devil

34. PLACENTAL MAMMALS EVOLVE; ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS BEGIN Isolation of the early monotremes, marsupials on this land mass Between 100 and 85 million years ago, during the Cretaceous Fig. 27.19b, p. 471

35. PLACENTAL MAMMALS Bat Arctic Fox Walruses Manatee

36. Beaver Beaver Muskrat Beaver andMuskrat Coypu Capybara Coypu andCapybara NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu

37. ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS OF MORE EVOLVED PLACENTAL MAMMALS North America Eurasia South America Continued isolation of early monotremes and marsupials Africa Extinctions of mammals Antarctica About 20 million years ago, during the Miocene Fig. 27.19c, p. 471

39. SPECTACLED BEAR SLOTH BEAR SUN BEAR BLACK BEAR POLAR BEAR BROWN BEAR RACCOON RED PANDA GIANT PANDA DIVERGENCE 15-20 million years ago DIVERGENCE approximately 40 million years ago Fig. 20.10, p. 319

40. What is a Species? A group of potentially or actually interbreeding populations, with a common gene pool, which are reproductively isolated from other groups

41. The problem with the species definition The species concept is a human construct used to make sense of the natural world. While extraordinarily helpful in understanding life, it fails to capture the full complex reality of continually evolving populations of organisms.

42. Sibling Species Species that can’t interbreed, but have no significant differences in appearance.

43. Very different appearance that can interbreed?!

45. Two tigons (male to the left, female to the right)

46. A Liger-Lion/Tiger

47. A "boblynx" -- a hybrid of bobcat and lynx;

48. A "zonkey" -- a hybrid of zebra and donkey;

49. The "Toast of Botswana",  -- a hybrid of a female goat to a male sheep;A "cama" -- a hybrid of camel and llama;A "yakalo" - a hybrid of buffalo or bison and yak;A "cattalo" (or "beefalo") -- a cross of a bison with a domestic cattle;A "coywolf" -- a hybrid of coyote and wolf; A "wholphin" -- a hybrid of a bottlenose dolphin mother and a false killer whale father. Same situation like with the "pumapard" (parents belong to different genera).Some intraspecies hybrids (both genders fertile):A "wig" -- a cross of a wild and a domestic pig;An unnamed cross of a Siberian and a Manchurian tiger.

50. tulips