4.1.1 Prefixation

1. 4.1 Affixation 4.1.1 Prefixation By Jennifer , Summy

2. Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude Against----anti- contra- counter- For ------pro-

3. anti- (1) “against , opposed to” e.g. anti + tank anti-tank 反坦克的 anti + war anti-war 反战的 anti + government  anti- government 反政府的

4. (２) preventing ,destroying e.g. anti +freeze 冰冻 anti-freeze 防冻剂 Anti + septic 细菌的  anti-septic 杀菌的

5. （３）“against traditional characteristics” & “of or belonging to the hypothetical world consisting of antimatter” e.g. anti-hero 不按传统主角品格 anti –novel 不按一般传统创造方法写成的小说 anti–art anti –music anti-cinema anti - theatre

6. Contra- “opposite contrasting” e.g. contra + ary  contrary 相反的 contradict v. 反驳　矛盾 (contra +dict 说 反着说 反驳) contra-vane 违反 (contra + van 走＋e  反着走违反） contraband　走私 (contra + band 命令 违反命令的做法走私）

7. counter- “against in opposition to “ e.g. counter－espionage 反间谍行动 counteract 对抗 counterfeit 伪造 counterrevolution 反革命 counterattack 反击

8. Comparison: anti-& counter- Difference: Anti---suggest an attitude of opposition e.g. anti-war literature anti–nuclear campaign Counter--- implies an action in opposition to or in response to a previous action e.g. counter-attack counter-revolution Similarity :“opposed to”

9. Pro - “ for , on the side of” e.g. pro-democracy pro-authority pro-American pro-slavery pro-student pro-abortionist

10. Locative prefixes Extra- “outside beyond “ e.g. extra—curricular 课外的 （extra + curricular 课程的） extra-solar太阳系以外的 (extra +solar太阳的） Extravert 外向的 (extra + vert 转性格向外外向的）

11. Tele -- “distant “ e.g. telescope telecommunication teleprinter fore- “front part of “ e.g. forehead forearm

12. Inter- “between among” e.g. international 　 国际的 interpersonal 　人与人之间的 intercollegiate 大学之间的 e.g. intranational 国内的　 intrapersonal　个人内心的 intracollegiate 大学内的 Intra- “within”

13. Super- “above” e.g. superstructure 上层建筑 supervise 监视 （super +vise 看+e 在上面看 监视) superficial 肤浅的 （super + fic 做　＋ial  在表面上做　 　肤浅的）

14. Trans-- 1.（可以自由的缀在地理名词中） meaning “across, from one place to anther) e.g. trans-continental trans-oceanic trans-African trans-Pacific 2. (常常与字干连接，不能分开) meaning “to change thoroughly into anther state) e.g. translate transliterate transformtransmit

15. Prefixes of time and order ex - “former” e.g. ex-wife ex-president ex-member ex-emperor fore- “before” e.g. foreword forefather foreknowledge foreshadow

16. post- “after” e.g. post-war post-election post-graduate post-independence pre- “ before, in advance” e.g. prefixes preschool prehistory prewar prepay prejudge

17. Re- “again, back “ e.g. remarriage reread reconsider reappear rearrange rebuild Note that: among the words derived from the prefix re-,some words with a hyphen differ from those without a hyphen in meaning

18. . e.g. react ---- respond to somebody or something with hostility 反击 re-act ---- act again 在作 recount ---- tell a story 叙述某事 re-count ---- count again 重数

19. recover ---- get back or become well again 恢复（健康等） re-cover ----supply with a new cover 给某物 换上新的覆盖物 recreate ---- refresh or entertain 娱乐、休养 re-create ----create again 重做、再创造 reform ----become or make better 改良 re-form ---- form again 再组合

20. Number Prefixes semi- demi- hemi- meaning “half” e.g. Semicircle -hemicycle Poly- multi- meaning “many” e.g. Polyhedron multinational

21. Monocycle/unicycle bicycle quadricycle tricycle

22. pentagram hexagram heptagram

23. enneagon octogon decagon

24. Conversion Prefixes a- added to verbs to form predicative adjectives , i.e. v.  adj./adv. e.g. asleep alive atremble alone aware awash

25. be- (1) added to nouns to form transitive verbs, i.e.n  v e.g. befriend 友好对待　　　befool 欺骗　　　　 bewail 悲悼 (2) be + nouns + ed adjectives e.g. beloved bewildered

26. en- (em-) chiefly with nouns and adjectives to create transitive verbs, and em- occurs to words beginning with /p, b, m/. （１） en- (em-) +n  v en + danger  endanger 使危险 em + power  empower 授权 （２）en- (em-) + adj  v en + large  enlarge 扩大 em + bitter  embitter 使痛苦

27. Other prefixes having this class-changing function, such as (1) n  v de- delouse un- unearth (2) n adj anti- anti-pollution inter- inter-library post- post-war pre- pre-revolution pro- pro-conservation

28. Miscellaneous Prefixes auto- “self” e.g. autobiography autograph autosuggestion neo- “new, revived” e.g. neo-liberal Neolithic 新石器时代 neoclassical 新古典主义的

29. pan- “all, the whole of “ e.g. pan-continental pan-European pan-African pan-Indian proto- “first, original” e.g. Prototype 雏形 protoplasm 原生质 protozoa 原生生物 Vice- “deputy, subordinate” e.g. vice-chairman vice-governor vice-president

30. Thanks my partner Gralian for all the help.

31. Suffixation By Jennifer , Summy

32. What is suffixation? What is suffix? Generally, suffixes do not change the meaning of the root in most cases, but change the grammatical function (part of speech) of the words. eg. survive + or = survivor survive v., continue to live or exist survivor n., person who continue to live or exist Exceptions: Meaning---full of meaning; significant Meaning + less = meaningless---without sense or motive

33. In a word, suffix have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of the base. Suffixes All the Suffixes Verb Suffixes Adjective Suffixes Noun Suffixes Adverb Suffixes

34. What is a noun suffix? Noun Adj. Verb Other Words + Noun Suffix Noun

35. 1. Denominal nouns （n.+suffix ——n.） a.Concrete——the suffixes of this group are added to noun bases to produce concrete nouns. -eer （engineer）， -er （teenager）， -ess （hostess）， -ette （cigarette）， -let （starlet） -ster (gangster) b. Abstract——the following suffixes come at the end of noun bases to form abstract nouns. -age （storage）， -dom（officialdom）， -ery （slavery），-ful (mouthful), -hood （childhood）,-ster (involved in) -ing （farming）， - ism（terrorism）， -ship（sportsmanship）

36. 2.Deverbal nouns （v.+suffix——n) a. Denoting people -ant （assistant）， -ee （trainee）， -ent （respondent）， -er（recorder) b. Denoting action， result， process， state， ect. -age （linkage）， -al （dismissal） -ance （attendance）， -ation, -ition， -tion， -sion， -ion (realization, imagination, addition)， -ence （existence）， -ing （savings）， -ment （statement）

37. 3. De-adjective nouns（adj+suffix——n.） -ity （popularity）， -ness （happiness） Some times, both –ity and –ness can be added to the same base to form new words. e.g, sensible—sensibility—sensibleness, pompous—pomposity—pompousness -ness can also exist together with other deadjectival formations, e.g. normalness—normality--normalcy infiniteness—infinitude--infinity

38. 4. Nouns and adjectives suffixes -ese （Chinese）， -an （Australian）， -ist （主义） （socialist） -ite (Thatcherite) When adding to the same bases, -ist, -ian and –ite have similar meanings, but they still have some minor differences. The first one would suggest greatest commitment to the views or theory concerned, the second would be more neutral and thus gradable and the third one tends to be disparaging and would be used chiefly by those who themselves are not adherents. e.g. He is an out-and-out Darwinist. Isn’t that approach rather Darwinian? He is a Darwinite. ( not “ I’m a Darwinite)

39. Adjective suffixes 1. Denominal suffixes —— -ed （wooded）， -ful （successful）， -ish （foolish）， -less （priceless）， -like （lady-like）， -ly （friendly）， -y （smoky） -al（-ial， -ical） （cultural， residential）， -esque （picturesque）， -ic （economic）， -ous（-eous， -ious） （coutageous） -ic and –ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases， but differ in meaning. Historic （important in history） historical （of history） Classic （great， memorable） classical （of Latin or Greek） Comic （of comedy） comical （funny） Economic （in the economy） economical （money-saving） Electric （powered by electricity） electrical （of electricity）

40. Bonus Point -ic, -ical The adjective suffix –ic can also be used as a noun suffix and it means “an art or system of thought or a person connected with sth.” When it is used as a noun suffix, the adjective form of that newly-formed word is usually ended with the suffix –ical. eg. music (n,) musical (adj.) logic (n.) logical (adj.) rhetoric (n.) rhetorical ( adj.) critic (n.) critical (adj.)

41. -like, -ish manly, manlike mannish Applied to nonhumans implying unwelcome masculine attributes usually in woman. Referring to the physical or heroic qualities of a man. childlike, childish

42. 2.Deverbal suffixes —— -able （-ible） （washable）， -ive（-ative， -sive） （active， decisive） Adverb suffixes —— -ly （calmly）， -ward（s)（homewards）， -wise （clockwise） Verb suffixes—— -ate（originate）， -en （darken）， -（i）fy （beautify）， -ize （ise） （modernize）

43. folknik, peacenik, jazznik, cinenik, nogoodnik, citynik - n i k There are some seemingly productive fashionable affixes like –nik, which yield quite a few words . But most of them are considered slang and have not entered popular use yet.

44. Thank you very much for your Attention!!! 