Foundations of Democracy

1. Foundations of Democracy Mr. Gutierrez

2. The Foundations of Democracy • Democracy – Rule by the People • Greek word Demokratiameaning Popular government • from “demos” (common people) and kratos (rule, strength.) • Democracy did not always exist • At time people were ruled by monarchs(Kings and Queens) or single ruler (dictator)

3. Ancient Democracies • One of the earliest foundations for democracy were seen in the Jewish religion. • Judaism teaches that everyone has worth and is equal before the law. • Basic principle of democracy. • Centuries later the Greek city-state of Athens created the world’s first democracy.

4. Ancient Democracies • All free men over 18 were considered citizens and could take part in the Athens assembly. • Gathering were any citizen had the right to speak. • It’s decision were carried out by a council of 500 members. • This council governed Athens.

5. Ancient Democracies Direct Democracy - Form of government where the people directly participate. Representative Democracy – Form of government in which citizens choose a smaller group to represent views on their behalf.

6. Ancient Democracies • While the Greeks created democracy, the ancient Romans were creating the world’s first republic. • Supreme power is held by the people with an elected leaders chosen by them. • In 509 B.C. the Romans overthrew their king and placed in power in a senate. • It’s members were chosen by the upper class known as Patricians.

7. Ancient Democracies • The Senate would in turn elect two consulsto lead the government. • Each one could block the actions of the other by saying, “veto.” (I forbid.) • The commoners (plebeians) would eventually gain political equality by 287 B.C.

8. Early English Influence • The Roman empire collapsed around 476 B.C. • The next 700 years were rules by kings and lords (Noblemen who inherited land, wealth, and power) of Europe. • When businesses and trading grew, the power of the lords and kings were weakened. • Many Nobles would resist this change.

9. Early English Influence • In England they rose up against King John in 1215. • Would be forced to sign a document known as the Magna Cartain 1215. • Magna Carta – Latin for Great Charter • Would set limits on the King’s power. • Could no longer set taxes without consent. • Gave rights to free men such as equal protection under the law and trial by one’s peers. • Gave people the right to overthrow the government if the king broke the agreement.

10. Early English Influence • The Magna Carta established the idea of limited government. • A ruler or government is NOT all powerful. • Many of these rights only originally applied to Nobles but in time would be granted to ALL English people. • All King’s after John were advised by nobles and church officials.

11. Early English Influence • By the late 1300s the advisors had become a legislature (lawmaking body) known as Parliament. • England monarch’s would continue to remain strong until 1625, when King Charles I dismissed Parliament and ruled alone. • He was later forced to sign the Petition of Right, which limited his power similarly to the Magna Carta. • He would refuse to follow it and Civil War would break out.

12. The English Bill of Rights • In 1688 Parliament forced King James II, from the throne. • His daughter Mary and William would be ask to rule instead. This transfer of power was known as the Glorious Revolution. • Before they could rule they had to accept the English Bill of Rights, which outlined right that English Citizens had that no king could violate.

13. The English Bill of Rights • Examples: • Right to a Fair Trial. • No taxes unless approved by Parliament. • Right to Petition the King. • Freedom of Speech in Parliament. • No Cruel Punishment • No loss of property without Due Process. • No imprisonment without Due Process. • Etc.

14. The English Bill of Rights The signing of the English Bill of Rights ended the power struggle between Parliament and the monarchs.

15. Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason) was a cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in late 17th-century Europe emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through the scientific method.

16. Age of Enlightenment It promoted scientific thought, skepticism, and intellectual interchange. The Enlightenment was a revolution in human thought. This new way of thinking was that rational thought begins with clearly stated principles, uses correct logic to arrive at conclusions, tests the conclusions against evidence, and then revises the principles in the light of the evidence.

17. EIGHT ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS • Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) • John Locke (1632 – 1704) • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) • Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) • Voltaire (1694 – 1778) • Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784) • Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797) • Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)

18. THOMAS HOBBES • In nature, people were cruel, greedy and selfish. They would fight, rob, and oppress one another. • To escape this people would enter into a socialcontract: they would give up their freedom in return for the safety and order of an organized society. • Therefore, Hobbes believed that a powerful government like an absolute monarchy was best for society – it would impose order and compel obedience. It would also be able to suppress rebellion.

20. Hobbes #2 • His most famous work was called Leviathan. • Hobbes has been used to justify absolute power in government. • His view of human nature was negative, or pessimistic. Life without laws and controls would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

21. Hobbes #3 - Quotes • A man's conscience and his judgment is the same thing; and as the judgment, so also the conscience, may be erroneous. • Curiosity is the lust of the mind. • In the state of nature profit is the measure of right. • Not believing in force is the same as not believing in gravitation. • Leisure is the Mother of Philosophy.

22. JOHN LOCKE • Believed in natural laws and natural rights. • At birth, the mind is a tabula rasa, a blank tablet. Everything we know comes from the experience of the senses – empiricism. • We are born with rights because they are a part of nature, of our very existence – they come from god. • At birth, people have the right to life, liberty, and property.

24. Locke #2 • Most famous works are the Two Treatises on Government. • Rulers / governments have an obligation, a responsibility, to protect the natural rights of the people it governs. • If a government fails in its obligation to protect natural rights, the people have the right to overthrow that government. • The best government is one which is accepted by all of the people and which has limited power (Locke liked the English monarchy where laws limited the power of the king).

25. Locke #3 • Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson more than anything else when Jefferson wrote the US Declaration of Independence in 1776. • Locke justified revolution in the eyes of the Founding Fathers. • Locke also influenced later revolutions in France (1789) and in many other places in the world in the 19th Century.

26. Locke #4 - Quotes • No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience. • All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. • I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts. • The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property.

27. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU • People are basically good but become corrupted by society (like the absolute monarchy in France). • For Rousseau, the social contract was the path to freedom: people should do what is best for their community. • The general will (of the people) should direct the state toward the common good. Hence, the good of the community is more important than individual interests.

29. Rousseau #2 • His most famous work was The Social Contract. • JJR questioned authority - absolute monarchy and religion. • JJR was passionate, he hated political and economic oppression. • Influenced later revolutionaries, both middle class and socialist.

30. Rousseau #3 - Quotes • Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. • Force does not constitute right... obedience is due only to legitimate powers. • Free people, remember this maxim: we may acquire liberty, but it is never recovered if it is once lost. • Gratitude is a duty which ought to be paid, but which none have a right to expect. • It is unnatural for a majority to rule, for a majority can seldom be organized and united for specific action, and a minority can.

31. MONTESQUIEU • He strongly criticized absolute monarchy and was a voice for democracy. • Separation of Powers - the best way to protect liberty was to divide the powers of government into three branches: legislative; executive; and judicial. • Checks and Balances – each branch of government should check (limit) the power of the other two branches. Thus, power would be balanced (even) and no one branch would be too powerful. • Montesquieu studied the history of governments and cultures all over the world.

33. Montesquieu #2 • His first book, The Persian Letters, ridiculed the absolute monarchy and social classes in France. He also wrote The Spirit of the Laws. • Montesquieu’s ‘separation of powers’ and ‘checks and balances’ greatly influenced James Madison and the other framers of the US Constitution. These ideas are at the core of American government to this day.

34. Montesquieu #3 – Quotes • The spirit of moderation should also be the spirit of the lawgiver. • Useless laws weaken the necessary laws. • The sublimity of administration consists in knowing the proper degree of power that should be exerted on different occasions. • To love to read is to exchange hours of ennui for hours of delight. I have never known any distress that an hour's reading did not relieve.