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Classification and Taxonomy

Classification and Taxonomy. Classifying Organisms. Taxonomy : the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms. Ways to Classify Organisms. Unicellular vs. multicellular Prokaryote vs. eukaryote Autotroph vs. heterotroph Linnean system and binomial nomenclature (today).

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Classification and Taxonomy

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  1. Classification and Taxonomy

  2. Classifying Organisms • Taxonomy: the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

  3. Ways to Classify Organisms • Unicellular vs. multicellular • Prokaryote vs. eukaryote • Autotroph vs. heterotroph • Linnean system and binomial nomenclature (today)

  4. Old Systems of Classification • Aristotle (Greek, 2400 years ago): classified only as plant or animal

  5. …but where does this stuff go? 

  6. A better system • Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • “Father of Taxonomy” • His work is the basis of classification systems used today

  7. Modern Classification • Can classify all life into 3 main domains • Most general/most inclusive category • Bacteria, archaea, eukarya (written in chart)

  8. Characteristics of Domain Bacteria • Prokayote • Small • Unicellular • Have cell wall • Example: E. coli

  9. Characteristics of Domain Archaea Some of the first Archaea were found in the hot springs of Yellowstone Park • Prokayote • Small • Unicellular • Have cell wall • Live in harsh environments • Example: Pyrococcusabyssi

  10. Characteristics of Domain Eukarya • Eukaryote • Small or large • Uni. or multi. • Some have cell walls • Ex: protists, fungi, plants, animals

  11. Be ready to answer! • How did Aristotle classify organisms? • Who came along and improved Aristotle’s method? • Which domain of life has organisms that live in very harsh environments? • Which domain are humans contained in? • Which 2 domains have prokaryotes?

  12. Domains can be broken into 6 kingdoms

  13. The 6 kingdoms: • Kingdom Eubacteria (“true” bacteria) • Prokayote • Unicellular • Includes autotrophs and heterotrophs

  14. The 6 kingdoms: • Kingdom Archaebacteria (“ancient” bacteria) • Prokayote • Unicellular • Autotrophs (chemosynthesis), heterotophs

  15. The 6 kingdoms: • Kingdom Protista (protists) • Eukaryote • Majority are unicellular • Autotrophs, heterotophs

  16. The 6 kingdoms: • Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryote • Majority are multicellular • Heterotrophs

  17. The 6 kingdoms: • Kingdom Plantae (plants) • Eukaryote • Multicellular • Autotrophs

  18. The 6 kingdoms: • Kingdom Animalia (animals) • Eukaryote • Multicellular • Heterotrophs

  19. “Domain” and “kingdom” are still too broad. We continue to break organisms into more and more specific categories. Same information, just presented in a different way

  20. Classification of Humans Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapeins

  21. Guess the organism!

  22. To remember the order: • Domain Dear • Kingdom King • Phylum Phillip • Class came • Order over • Family for • Genus great • Species spaghetti

  23. Classifying organisms • Taxon: any particular group within a taxonomic system • “Taxa” is plural • Examples of taxa: • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • etc.

  24. In order, the taxa go from general to specific. General • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Specific

  25. Same genus- very closely related Species- the most unique

  26. Be ready to answer! • Which kingdom has “true” bacteria? • Which kingdom has organisms like Volvox, a protist? • Which kingdom has mushrooms? • Which kingdom has organisms that are ALL autotrophs? • Which kingdom has “ancient” bacteria? • Which kingdom has ants?

  27. Why do scientists use Latin to classify and name organisms?

  28. What is this?  Here’s an example why.

  29. This organism can be called a: • Cougar • Mexican lion • Mountain lion • Deer tiger • Mountain screamer • Puma • Florida panther • Catamount • Panther • Silver lion • Devil cat • Indian devil • Sneak cat • King cat • Mountain devil • Red tiger • Deercat • Fire cat • Plain lion • Grey lion • Caracajou • Klandagi • Catawampus • Quinquajou • Long Tail • Swamp lion

  30. Problem! • There are at least 50 common names for the cougar. The same issue arises with many other organisms!

  31. Why classify with a scientific name? • Since common names vary, scientific names ensure you’re talking about the correct organism • Some names are misleading (“jellyfish”)

  32. Scientific naming system • Binomial nomenclature- a two-part name system for writing scientific names. Based on Latin.

  33. Rules • Genus name written first • ALWAYS capitalized • Species name is written second • NEVER capitalized • NEVER by itself • Both words are italicized if typed, underlined if handwritten

  34. Find the errors! • TaxideaTaxus • procyonlotor • DelphinidaeDelphis

  35. Sidenote with an example: • Cannisvulpesis a fox • Writing C. vulpes is acceptable. • Writing Cannis v. is not. • Writing vulpes (by itself) is BAD…need genus + species.

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