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Taxonomy and Classification

Taxonomy and Classification. Keeping track of species. Taxonomy: describing and naming an organism. Over 1.75 million species have been named and it is estimated that there are between 4 to 100 million on the Earth.

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Taxonomy and Classification

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  1. Taxonomy and Classification

  2. Keeping track of species • Taxonomy: describing and naming an organism. • Over 1.75 million species have been named and it is estimated that there are between 4 to 100 million on the Earth. • Taxonomy is not new, cultures have been naming plants and animals around them for 1000’s of years.

  3. “Watch out—there’s a bear behind that rock OR “Watch out--there is a large, furry, four-legged creature with long claws, plantigrade locomotion, a big mouth set in a short, stout muzzle, attached to a round head containing small eyes and short triangular ears behind that rock!”

  4. Q. What is the largest wild felid (cat) in the United States? Mountain Lion Cougar Panther Leon Colorado Puma Catamount

  5. All of the above Puma concolor (Linneaus 1771)

  6. Binomial Nomenclature Standard system for naming things, using two names. Called a scientific name or Latin name Carolus Linnaeus described and named over 7,700 animals and over 4,400 plants using Latin names in his book Systema Naturae. Scientific name does not replace, but instead further defines common name.

  7. Early naming of species 1st word was a noun: Genus (capital letter) 2nd word was an adjective: species (lowercase) Genus + species = scientific name of an organism. Always italicize or underline each word separately!!

  8. Procyon lotor • Pro = early • Cyon = dog • Lotor = swimming Spermophilus tridecemlineatus • Sperm = seed • Philus = loving • Tridecem = 13 • Lineatus = line

  9. May tell you where it was first discovered: • Didelphis virginiana “2 wombs from Virginia” • Sylvilagus floridanus “wood-hare of Florida” Or who discovered it: • Lepus townsendii “hare” discovered by “Townsend”

  10. Aha(a wasp), Aloha(a bug), Batman(a fish), Disaster(an echinoid), Ochisme(a kissing bug), Oops(an arachnid), Iyaiyai(a fossil fly), Sayonara (a fish), Stupidogobius(a fish), This(a fly and the namer has a poster up with the words “Look at This!” ) Agra sasquatch( a carabid beetle with big feet) Agra vation(a carabid beetle) Ba humbugi( a snail from Fiji) Colon rectum(a colonid beetle) Cedusa medusa (a bug) Gluteus minimus(a fossil) La cucuracha (a moth) Lalapa lusa ( a wasp) Pison eu (a wasp) Polemistus chewbacca (Guess who this is named after?) Trombicula fasolla (musical chigger number one) Trombicula doremi (musical chigger number two) Reissa roni (a microbomboid fly) A few funny names………

  11. Shortcuts • Shortened genus name very common, ex: E. coli • Shortened species refers to several species, ex: Lactobacillus sp., Australopithecus sp.

  12. Taxonomic hierarchy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (sometimes two species names)

  13. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Sets How do I remember that?Use a Mnemonic memory device. • Or • Kids • Prefer • Cheese • Over • Fried • Green • Spinach

  14. For example...Human taxonomy • Kingdom Animalia: multi-celled, no cell wall, heterotrophic • Phylum Chordata: notochord, spine • Class Mammalia: warm-blooded, nurse young, no feathers • Order Primata: five fingers, thumb, collarbone • Family Hominidae: no tail, bipedal, s-shaped spine • Genus Homo: not Australopithecus. • Species sapiens: not erectus or habilis

  15. Homo sapien sapien: modern man

  16. Taxonomic goals Place organisms into logical categories • system must be capable of being used for information retrieval, so anyone in the world can properly identify any organism. Place organisms into categories that show ancestor-descendant relationships, also called phylogeny.

  17. Evolutionary Trees • Biologists use the work of taxonomists to create trees of life based on the evolutionary relationships of the animals. • Also called cladograms, there are several different types.

  18. Similarities Used to Group Organisms Single-celled eukaryotes 2 billion years ago First prokaryotes 3.75 billion years ago 18

  19. Cladograms

  20. Taxonomy is evolving • New discoveries in genetics are leading to changes in the classification of organisms. • Connections are being discovered and differences are becoming more apparent.

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