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Psychological perspectives

Psychological perspectives. Learning and memory. Definitions of Learning and memory. Learning is the process by which relatively permanent changes occur in behavioral potential/capacity as a result of particular kinds of experience.

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Psychological perspectives

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  1. Psychological perspectives Learning and memory

  2. Definitions of Learning and memory • Learning is the process by which relatively permanent changes occur in behavioral potential/capacity as a result of particular kinds of experience. • Memory is the relatively permanent record of the experience that underlies learning, or the processes of coding, storing, and retrieving information about our experience. • Learning refers to the process of adapting behavior to experience, and memory refers to the records that underlie the adaptation.

  3. Psychological research in learning and memory • Ebbinghaus and learning/retention curves • Pavlov, stimulus substitution, and classical conditioning http://www.sonoma.edu/psychology/images/pavlov.jpg

  4. More psychological research • Thorndike and the laws of learning • Watson and behaviorism • Hull and the reaction potential • Tolman, expectations, and latent learning • Skinner and reinforcement

  5. Other approaches • The General Problem Solver model (GPS) • The duration of memories: STM and LTM • The information processing model • The neural basis of conditioning

  6. Psychological research in learning and memory • Ebbinghaus and learning/retention curves • Pavlov and conditioning • Thorndike and the laws of learning • Watson and behaviorism • Hull and the reaction potential • Tolman and latent learning • Skinner and reinforcement

  7. Ebbinghaus’s memory Functions Retention 800 Ebbinghaus's relearning (practice) data 700 600 500 450 500 400 350 Time savings, % 400 300 250 300 200 Trials to relearn set of lists 150 200 100 50 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 Days of practice Hours of delay

  8. Sechenov, Pavlov and conditioning • The conditioning paradigm: NS/CS OR (Reflexive) (Tuning fork) (Turns head) US UR (Reflexive) (Meat powder) (Salivation) CS CR (Learned) (Tuning fork) (Salivation)

  9. Conditioned skeletal responses Jim conditions Dwight

  10. The conditioned emotional response (CER) • The conditioning paradigm: NS/CS OR (Reflexive) (Tone) (Turns head) US UR (Reflexive) (Electric shock) (Fear, freezing) CS CR (Learned) (Tone) (Suppressed lever pressing)

  11. Pavlovian principles • Conditioning curve • Spontaneous recovery • Temporal order effect • Not found in paired-associates memory studies • Will it be found in foreign language vocabulary learning?

  12. Thorndike and instrumental conditioning • Consequences, reinforcers, and natural selection: The Law of Effect • The Law of Exercise • The principle of belongingness (cf. laws of association, preparedness) • Watson and the Behaviorist Manifesto

  13. Hull, Tolman, and Skinner • Hull: Reaction potential is learned • E = (H x D x K) – I • Estes and stimulus sampling: Dimensions of complex stimuli • Tolman: Expectations and MERs, latent learning and cognitive maps • Skinner, operant conditioning, and reinforcement

  14. Other approaches to learning and memory • The General Problem Solver model (GPS) and subgoaling • Atkinson & Shiffrin and memory stores • Bower and learning by insight • Miller and information theory • Simon and Newell, symbols, and AI • Rumelhart, McClelland, and connectionism in networks of nodes and connections or links: Memory records are patterns of activation in the network.

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