1 / 51

Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis. SPI’s (WE ARE SKIPPING 10.1) 4.1 Identify the structure and function of DNA. 4.2 Associate the process of DNA replication with its biological significance. 4.3 Recognize the interactions between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis.

daphnecollins
Download Presentation

Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis SPI’s (WE ARE SKIPPING 10.1) • 4.1 Identify the structure and function of DNA. • 4.2 Associate the process of DNA replication with its biological significance. • 4.3 Recognize the interactions between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis. Conceptual Strand 4: Organisms reproduce and transmit hereditary information. Complete 5 pictures and 5 words from 10.2-10.4

  2. Bellringer # 1 What is the sugar that is in DNA? Clear desk except for a highlighter and scantron.

  3. Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA Section 2 DNA Structure Section 3 DNA Replication Section 4 Protein Synthesis

  4. Bellringer # 2 The primary function of DNA is to • Make proteins. • Store and transmit genetic information. • Control chemical processes within cells. • Prevent mutations. Open text to pg. 196. Set up notes for 10.2

  5. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Objectives • Evaluatethe contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure. • Describethe three parts of a nucleotide. • Summarizethe role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA. • Relatethe role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA.

  6. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix • In the 1950’s Watson and Crick created DNA model by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.

  7. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix • DNA is made of 2 nucleotide strands wrapped around each other in the shape of a double helix or twisted ladder.

  8. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix, continued • A DNA nucleotide is made of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).

  9. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides, continued Bonds Hold DNA Together • Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the side of the ladder and the base pairs form the steps.

  10. Nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds: (Atoms share electrons) • Hydrogen bonds form between complementary base pairs, G=C (3 bonds) and A=T (2 bonds), hold the 2 strands of DNA together.

  11. Nitrogenous bases • A and G are purines, C and T are pyrimidines • base sequence: The order of nitrogenous bases.

  12. 1 DNA strand can serve as a template for making a new complimentary strand.

  13. 10.2 Vocab • Nucleotide • Deoxyribose • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine 6. Guanine 7. Purine 8. Pyrimidine 9. Complimentary base pairs 10. Base sequence

  14. Bellringer # 3 If a portion of an original strand of DNA is CCTAGCT, the complimentary strand would be _________. • TTGCATG • AAGTATC • CCTAGCT • GGATCGA Clear desk except for pencil. Turn in Eoc corrections and data graph.

  15. Bellringer # 4 Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of • Amino acids • Fatty acids • Monosaccharides • Nucleotides Open text to pg 200. Set up notes for 10.3

  16. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Objectives • Summarize the process of DNA replication. • Identifythe role of enzymes in the replication of DNA. • Describehow complementary base pairing guides DNA replication. • Comparethe number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication. • Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.

  17. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs • DNA replication: process by which DNA is copied before a cell divides.

  18. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Steps of DNA Replication • DNA strands are separated by enzyme helicase. (Hydrogen bonds are broken between base pairs.) • replication fork: Y-shaped region that results when the 2 strands separate.

  19. 2. DNA polymerases form new strands by adding complementary nucleotides to each original strand. • synthesis on leading strand occurs in direction of fork, while synthesis on lagging strand goes away from fork. • DNA ligase joins gaps in lagging strand.

  20. 3. DNA polymerases are released. 2 identical DNAs result and cell is ready for division.

  21. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Replication

  22. Prokaryotic Replication • begins at 1 place in it’s circular chromosome. • 2 replication forks are formed and go in opposite directions until entire chromosome is copied.

  23. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication

  24. Eukaryotic Replication • begins at many points along each long chromosome.

  25. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Errors in Replication • DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors. • Changes in DNA: mutations. • can have serious effects on the function of gene and disrupt cell function, or have no effect, and lead to genetic variation

  26. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Errors in Replication, continued • DNA Replication and Cancer • Unrepaired mutations that affect genes which control cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.

  27. 10.3 Vocab • DNA Replication • Helicase • Replication fork • DNA polymerase • Mutation 6. Synthesis 7. DNA Ligase 8. Prokaryotic DNA replication 9. Chromosome 10. Cancer

  28. Bellringer # 5 An enzyme called _________ breaks apart the Hydrogen bonds between base pairs. • Helicase • Polymerase • Ligase • Protease Turn Day 1 Lab into the basket.

  29. Bellringer # 6 DNA ________ add new nucleotides that are complimentary to each original strand of DNA. • Helicase • Polymerase • Ligase • Protease Open text to pg 202. Turn in all make up work.

  30. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Objectives • Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein. • Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA. • Describethe importance of the genetic code. • Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA,and tRNA in translation. • Identifythe importance of learning about the human genome.

  31. 10.4: Protein Synthesis • The structure of DNA helps explain how genes function in making proteins that determine traits in organisms.

  32. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Flow of Genetic Information • The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) protein. • Proteins: SEE ADDITIONAL NOTES

  33. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function • RNA: a nucleic acid made of nucleotides • has sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose • has uracil in place of thymine. • is single stranded • is shorter than DNA.

  34. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Comparing DNA and RNA Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  35. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 • Types of RNA • messenger RNA(mRNA): carries instructions from gene to protein • ribosomal RNA (rRNA): makes up ribosomes • transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers amino acid to ribosome to form polypeptides which form proteins

  36. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Types of RNA Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  37. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Transcription • DNA acts as template for directing synthesis of RNA. • Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotes.

  38. STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION 1. RNA Polymerase binds to promoter (specific sequence that starts transcription) • DNA strands unwind and separate.

  39. 2. Complimentary RNA nucleotides are added then joined. (U=A, G=C) • Only uses a gene of DNA as template.

  40. 3. RNA polymerase reaches termination signal (specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of the gene) • RNA Polymerase releases DNA and RNA. • RNA leaves nucleus to perform job in cell.

  41. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Transcription

  42. Bellringer # 7 RNA Differs from DNA in that RNA • Is sometimes single-stranded • Contains a different sugar molecule • Contains the nitrogen base Uracil. • All of the above Set up 10.4b notes. Open text to pg 207.

  43. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Genetic Code • The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each 3-nucleotide mRNA codon.

  44. TRANSLATION: Making of a protein • All types of RNA are used in translation.

  45. Proteins • Made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. • There are 20 different amino acids. • A protein is 1 or more polypeptide. • Amino acid sequence determines how the polypeptide will twist and fold. • Shape of protein determines it’s function.

  46. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Steps of Translation mRNA and tRNA bind together. tRNA carries an amino acid and an anticodon (3 nucleotides on the RNA that are complimentary to a sequence of a codon in mRNA).

  47. As the mRNA codons move through ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. • This continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

  48. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Translation: Assembling Proteins

  49. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 The Human Genome • The entire gene sequence of the human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, 30,000 genes, and 3.2 billion base pairs.

  50. 10.4 Vocab • Gene • mRNA • rRNA • tRNA • Transcription 6. Promoter 7. Termination signal 8. Codon 9. Translation 10. Anticodon

More Related