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Stems

Stems. Stems. A stem is the other structural axis for the plant after roots. It is composed of nodes and internodes . Nodes hold buds which can grow into leaves, flowers, cones, branches, etc… Internodes are the spaces between nodes. Stems.

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Stems

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  1. Stems

  2. Stems • A stem is the other structural axis for the plant after roots. • It is composed of nodes and internodes. • Nodes hold buds which can grow into leaves, flowers, cones, branches, etc… • Internodes are the spaces between nodes.

  3. Stems • A shoot is not the same as a stem! Shoots are any new plant growth, not just new stems. • Stems are usually located above the surface, but there are some plants with underground stems.

  4. Stem functions • Stems have four main functions: • Support and elevation for leaves, flowers and fruits • Transport of materials between the roots and the shoots • Nutrient Storage • Annual, lateral, plant growth

  5. Types of Stems • Herbaceous: softer texture stems that die at the end of the growing season; non-woody. • Woody: hard textured stems with secondary xylem • Woody stems longer than 5m with a trunk make the plant a tree.

  6. Dicot Stems • Pith in the center • Outside of stem is still the epidermis • Lateral growth is due to the vascular bundles in a ring

  7. Dicot Stems IF WOODY STEM: • Each vascular bundle has a meristem between the xylem and phloem • Secondary xylem grows to the inside, while secondary phloem grows to the outside • The epidermis and cortex get destroyed as the secondary xylem and phloem grow.

  8. Dicot Stems The plant produces a cork cambium layer on the outside which replaces the epidermis. • The outer region develops into the bark which protects the outside of the woody dicot. • Secondary Xylem is known as heartwood, while secondary phloem is known as sapwood.

  9. Monocot Stems • Have vascular bundles throughout, though usually concentrated near the edge. • Rarely produce secondary growth as they are rarely woody. • Grow laterally due to anomalous growth.

  10. Specialized Stems • Bulb: short underground stem with fleshy leaves attached (tulip, onion, daffodil) • Climbing: stems that cling to or wrap around other plants or structures (ivies, vines)

  11. Specialized Stems • Corm: short, enlarged, underground stem (gladiolus, crocus) • Rhizome: a horizontal, underground stem used mainly in reproduction, but also in storage (ferns, iris)

  12. Specialized Stems • Stolons/Runners: horizontal, above ground stems to produce new rooted plantlets when they touch the surface (strawberries, spider plants) • Tuber: swollen, underground stems used for storage (potatoes)

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