Presentation Transcript

1. Biology: Chapter 1 Biology: The study of life What do biologists study? 1. The Diversity of Life 2. Interactions between living things and their environment: This helps us understand that no species lives in isolation. The whole planet is interconnected.
2. 3. Biologists study problems and propose solutions: Medicine, Agriculture, Wild Life preservation etc…
3. What is a living thing?
4. According to Secular Scientists Living Things consist of the following 6 Kingdoms:
5. According to God’s Word, there was no death as a result of the fall yet plants were eaten as food. Does the fact that plants died before the fall a contradiction in the Word of God?
6. God only considers the animal kingdom and humans to be truly alive. According to God, the rest of the kingdoms containing the other biological organisms are not truly alive including plants. Read the following article: http://www.icr.org/article/1099/294/
7. II. Characteristics of Biological Organisms Organism- is anything that possesses all of the physical characteristics of life.
8. 1. Cellular Organization: All living things are composed of one or more cells.
9. 2. Growth and Development: A. Growth: When living things grow, their cell enlarge and divide. B. Development: the change in an organism that takes place over its life.
10. 3. Response to a Stimulus: Living things respond to change in their external environment. Any changes, such as rise in temperature or the presence of food is a stimulus. Example: Waking up. A. Stimulus: Your alarm goes off B. Response: You get up.
11. 4. Homeostasis: the maintaining of a stable, internal environment. Organisms must make constant adjustments to maintain the correct amount of water and minerals in their cells, the proper internal temperature, as well as many other things.
12. Examples of Homeostasis: Getting thirsty Shivering form being cold **Since Energy is needed to do all of these things, getting hungry would also be considered and example of homeostasis**
13. 5. Reproduction: All living things produce offspring. The offspring receive genetic material from their parents in the form of DNA. A. DNA: determines the offspring’s physical traits.
14. B. Species: a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.

15. Scientific Method

    Objectives: Components of the Scientific Method Utilization of the Scientific Method Proper execution of an Experiment
16. What is the Scientific Method?? The Scientific Method is used to approach problems in all area of science. It is a step-by-step procedure to gather information and answer questions. There are 8 steps involved in the Scientific Method:
17. 8 Steps of the Scientific Method: State the Problem Research Hypothesis Experiment Collect Data Analyze Data Conclusion Repeat
18. The 8 Steps include… 1. State the Problem “What do I want to find out??” Observation: Information that is gathered by using one of the 5 senses. Inference: the act or process of deriving a conclusion based solely on what one already knows. 2. Gather Research about the problem Find out if other scientists have done similar experiments and what their results show.
19. The 8 Steps include… 2. Gather Research about the problem Find out if other scientists have done similar experiments and what their results show.
20. 3. State a Hypothesis This is a possible explanation to the problem, or an “educated guess”. The hypothesis must be able to be tested with an experiment. Written most of the time in an “If, then” format.
21. 3. State a Hypothesis For Example: If the time exercising increases then your pulse rate will increase.
22. 3. State a Hypothesis A. Independent Variable- is the variable that you are testing in the experiment . Ex. Time exercising. It is the If portion of the hypothesis. (x-axis) B. Dependent Variable- is the part of the experiment that is being affected by the independent variable. It is the then portion of the hypothesis. Ex. Pulse Rate. (y-axis)
23. 3. State a Hypothesis A. Independent Variable- Cause B. Dependent Variable- Effect If you study (cause) then you will pass (effect).
24. 4. Experiment: Test the Hypothesis. Create an experiment that will verify or disprove the hypothesis.
25. 4. Experiment: Constructing a controlled experiment: In order for an experiment to be considered a controlled experiment, A. The group that is being tested upon must be compared to another group under normal conditions.
26. 4. Experiment: B. The experimental group is the group that is being experimented upon by the independent variable. Ex. This would be the group that would be increasing the time exercising.
27. 4. Experiment: C. The control group is the group that is used to compare the experimental group to. In order to limit the variables. Ex. This group would keep the time exercising constant.
28. D. Experimental group and the control group should be identical in every way except for the one variable that is being tested. E. In addition, the larger your groups are the more reliable the data. This phenomenon is called having adequate sample size for the experiment.
29. 5. Collect Data There are 2 types of data: Quantitative: “Quantity”; Uses Numbers Qualitative: “Quality”; Uses Descriptions 6. Analyze Data Scientists must keep accurate records so that others can repeat the experiment accurately.
30. 7. Draw a Conclusion The conclusion would include whether or not the results of the experiment supported the hypothesis as well as recommendations for any procedural changes to retest the hypothesis. 8. REPEAT
31. What’s A Theory? Theory: An explanation of natural phenomena that has undergone many experimental tests and has not been disproved. Theories may be disproved at a later time (new methods, better equipment, etc…)
32. The levels of scientific conclusions are all about the probability of them being true. 1. Hypothesis: Low Probability (has not been verified by the scientific method). 2. Scientific Theory: Moderate Probability (has been verified by the scientific method). Considered almost a fact compared to the way we use the word theory in our society.
33. 3. Scientific Law/Principle: High Probability (has not only been verified by the scientific method, it has also lasted the test of time) A scientific law is the closest thing in science to an absolute truth. The problem is that due to the fact that humans are not omniscient, even scientific laws can be wrong.
34. 4. The Word of Godis the only source of absolute truth. The standard of truth itself. If a scientific conclusion disagrees with the Bible, the scientific conclusion must be wrong.
35. 5. Technology: The application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems. This is applied science. Ex. Computer, Space Shuttle, Medicine, Air conditioning, etc…
36. 6. ETHICS- The MORAL principles and values of our society that we need to take into account in science. Ex . The Issue of Human Cloning, Genetic Engineering, Embryonic Stem Cell Research, etc… God’s Law is the absolute standard for Ethics!

37. Data and Graphing

38. What is data? Data is observations made during scientific investigations. When you collect a LOT of data, it is important to organize it using a data table.
39. Data Tables All data tables must contain the following information: A title - the title tells the reader exactly what the data is about. Variables Units for the variables
40. An Example
41. What is a Graph? A graph is a visual representation or model of a data table.
42. Types of Graphs There are three types of graphs. Bar graph Line graph Pie/Circle graph The type of graph you use depends on the data you collect.
43. Line graphsare used to display data or information that changes continuously over time. Bar graphs are used to compare facts. The bars provide a visual display for comparing quantities in different categories or groups. Circle Graphsare used to compare the parts of a whole. Used for data that deals with % of a whole with the entire circle representing 100%.
44. Necessary Components of a Line and Bar Graph X-axis The horizontal axis Independent variable Y-axis The vertical axis Dependent variable It is the measurement
45. Necessary Components of a Line Graph Title The title must summarize what your graph is showing. A good title will include both variables in it.
46. Necessary Components of a Line Graph Scale Each line in your graph should have the same value and be spaced at even distance apart. Be sure to use a scale that maximizes the area of the grid.
47. Necessary Components of a Line Graph Units Both variables must include units
48. Include Units Include Units
49. Bar Graphs Used to compare distinct categories
50. Circle/Pie Graphs Used to show data as part of a whole. The circle represents the whole or total. The wedges, or segments, represent the parts.