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ARCHITECTURE HISTORY. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD. ال عمــارة في عصر الرومانيسك Romanesque Architecture. Romanesque in Germany. Romanesque in Germany. General characters. Romanesque in Germany started in the 12 centaury more strength
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ARCHITECTURE HISTORY ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD
العمــارة في عصر الرومانيسك Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque in Germany General characters • Romanesque in Germany started in the 12 centaury more strength • and free from influence of Roman style, or eastern stylesبعيدة عن تأثير الانظمة الشرقية او الرومانية • Germans added another apse at the West (the main entrance) اضافوا محراب في الغرب عند المدخل and therefore transferred to the entrances of the church to the sides and appears three apses • Details become less and decoration become fewقلت الدبكورات قليلا , simple but accurate • moldings has a lot of relief's mass formations • Use of simple materials like masonry • Façades are almost smoothسلسة و ناعمة • Ratios are accurateالنسب دقيقة , which give strengthen the buildingتعطي قوة للمبنى • Use of repeated Circular archesتكرار استخدام الاقواس • The plan is basilican form with small transepts and the presence of • Apses and sometimes has 2-Ailes at each sideفي بعض الاحبان يكون له ممران على كل جانب • Apses covered with intersective vaultsالمحاريب مغطاة بالاقبية المتقاطعة but the Nave covered with wooden trusses
Church plans are peculiar in having both western and eastern apsesغريبة قليلا مع وجود المحاريب الغربية و الشرقية and thus there are no great western entrances as in France. The reason for these double apses has never been thoroughly explained ; some think that the eastern apse may have been used for the abbot and monksالمحراب الشرقي لرئيس الدير او الرهبان and the western apse for the bishop and laityو الغربي للأسقف والعلمانيين , or that the western apse may be the survival of the detached baptistery which had been usual in earlier churches. • The general character is of numerous circular and octagonal turretsالابراج الدائرية و المقمنة , polygonal domesالقباب المضلعة , and arcaded galleries under the eaves • Doorways were placed laterally in the aisles and are the most richly ornamented features of the churches, with shafts and capitals boldly and effectively carvedاعمدة و تيجان منحوتة بجرأة . • Vaulting appears late some fifty years after its general adoption in France. • Germany, also has aisless transept and chancelمذبح . • A typical Germanic characteristic is the presence of towers framing the chancel and the west end في نهاية الجانب الغربي .The paired towers flank each end of the building and have later copper spiresمن النحاس.
Analysis of architectural elements A.Plans • The plan is crusading form (basilican form with small transepts) and the presence of Apses and sometimes has 2-Ailes at each side • Aisles covered with continuous intersective vaultsأقبية متقاطعة مستمرة (4 or 6 ribs) with transverse arched dividing it to classes but the Nave covered with wooden trusses • Churches divided into nave and aisle each divided to 4 square parts4 اجزاء • The most important characteristic of German-style the platformالمسرح المرتفع which rise above the level of the nave to placed the shrine beneath.
Analysis of architectural elements B.Walls • The plain wall surface is relieved by pilaster stripsدعامات جدارية , derived from Classic Roman artالمستمدة من الفن الروماني الكلاسيكي , connected horizontally at different stages by ranges of archesمتثلة ببعضها بالاقواس on corbels which, owing to the smallness of scale, • Open arcades, the origin of which has already been considered, are frequent under the eaves of roofs, especially round apses خاصة المحاريب • Churches usually have a triforium and always a clear-story
C . Towers • The towers are basic characters with two, four, or six towers with square, cylinder, or ribbed formاسطوانة او مضلع • Sometimes octagonal tower risesابراج ثمانية over the crusading intersection and covered تغطي التقاطخ الصليبي with pyramid roof with small windows underneathو غطاء هرمي مع فتحات صغيرة • Square towers الابراج المربعة , divided into storeys تتكون من طابقين by moulded courses, frequently terminate in four gables with rafters rising from the apex of each, and the roofing planes intersect at these rafters and thus form a pyramidal roof with four diamond-shaped sides meeting at the apex هرمي بشكل الماس • Polygonal towers have similar roofs, but with valleys between the gables and all show the commencement of the evolution of spire
D . Roofs • At the exterior used trusses roofs covered with leadenالرصاص or copperالنحاس and other coverage materials • At the interior used ribbed or cross vaults painted with different colors • the semicircular cross-vault of the nave is of a domical nature, owing to the use of semicircular ribs, which rise to a greater heightو التي تصل الى ارتفاعات كبيرة over the diagonal of the compartment.فوق المقصورة • The system of including two bays of the aisle in one nave vaulting compartment was generally adopted • Timber roofs were also employed for naves with large spans,
E . Pillars and Peirs • The pillars are cylindrical or combined containing several rectangular splints has capitals with carved decorations in the form of leaves of trees and animals • In nave arcades square piers with attached half-columns were usual; though sometimes varied by the alternationبالتناوب of compound piers and cylinders, crowned by capitals bold in execution and well designed • The shafts and capitals in doorways are frequently elaborately carved كانت منحوتةwith figures of men, birds, and animals
Romanesque Pier with engaged corner shafts from the Church at Hecklingen
F. Opening • Openings are small circular single or two grouped windows form • In Towers the openings are two neighbors windows with semi-circle arch with column in between • Doors consists of interfered arches loaded at group of continuousتحملها مجموعة مستمرة • Nave arcades are frequently unmolded and the semi-circular arches spring from piers or cylinders, while alternate piers are sometimes carried up to support the vault ribsالقبو المضلع • Cloisters الاديرة frequently have small columns supporting arches in groups of three • The eaves galleries borrowed from Lombardy, are special features, sometimes carried entirely round the church • Doorways are frequently in the side aisles instead of in the west front or transepts • Windows are usually single, but occasionally grouped and sometimes have a mid-wall shaftcolumns
