ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Building Philosophy and construction Technology • local sources of materials used for the cities construction However, the requirements in the design of certain buildings necessitated that the Greeks: • Already being aware of, improved upon established technologies. for example the construction of the Parthenon. • The vast structure required the implementation of several technologies that have an impact on the construction of Greek developments. • Knowledge of quarrying techniques, the ability to transport large blocks of marble as well as the co-ordination of labour were all requirements. • At the site of construction, improvements in the pulley system resulted in a crane, powered by a windlass to lift large blocks into place. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

In order to achieve the symmetrical precision required in the final assembly, knowledge of geometry, and the use of tools such as the plumb line were important. • Construction Process was very precised where coloms consists of stone Cylinders with hole at the centre to for wooden slide to fix them toghether to construct the colom shaft • The acknowledging that the Greeks were innovative in technologies used for urban development, it is important to recognise that factors such as the geography of the area that a city was situated in also influenced city designers. • In many cases land required for agriculture was at a premium, resulting in a tendency towards coastal developments. Limitations on the size of settlements were also the result of geographical actuation. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Structure and style of Greek temples • Greek public buildings style is known from surviving examples such as the Parthenon and the Hephaesteum at Athens, and the sanctuaries at Agrigentum. • Most buildings were rectangular and made from abundance limeston cut into large blocks and dressed. • Marble was an expensive building material in Greece: high quality marble came only from Mt. Pentelicus in Attica and from a few islands such as Paros, and its transportation in large blocks was difficult. It was used mainly for sculptural decoration, not structurally, except in the very grandest buildings of the Classical period such as the Parthenon. • The basic rectangular plan was surrounded by a colonnaded portico of columns on all four sides such as the Parthenon • Some buildings had a projecting head of columns forming the entrance (prostyle), while others featured a pronaos facade of columns leading on to the cella. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

The Greeks roofed their buildings with timber beams covered with overlapping terracotta or occasionally marble tiles. They understood the principles of the masonry arch but made little use of it, and did not put domes on their buildings • The low pitch of the gable roofs produced a squat triangular shape at each end of the building, the pediment, which was typically filled with sculptural decoration. • Between the roof and the tops of the columns a row of lintels formed the entablature, whose outward-facing surfaces also provided a space for sculptures, know as friezes. The frieze consisted of alternating metopes (holding the sculpture) and triglyphs. • No surviving Greek building preserves these sculptures intact, but they can be seen on some modern imitations of Greek structures. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Greek Public Architecture Elemnts Marble quarries were plentiful to developed beautiful buildings out of marble. It was a Because of marble’s strength which is stronger rock than the sandstone, the Greeks were able to build with smaller coloms that were spaced farther apart. The builders of the temples used mathematical ratios to get equal spaces between the columns and adjusted their buildings to correct optical illusions to make the buildings appear to be perfectly in proportion. Greek essential Building are: ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Greek Temples • Temple was the most common Greek public architecture, and has differant function than modern church. • The altar stood under the open sky in the temenos or sacred fane, often directly before the temple. • Temples served as storage places for the treasury associated with the cult of the god and location of a cult image. • The temple was a place for devotees of the god to leave their votive offerings, such as statues, helmets and weapons. • The inner room of the temple, the cella, served mainly as a strongroom and storeroom. It was usually lined by another row of columns. • Other architectural forms used by the Greeks were the circular temple of Theodorus at Delphi dedicated to the worship of Athena the propylon or porch, forming the entrance to temple sanctuaries are example on the Acropolis of Athens ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD The Acropolis of Athens

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Parthenon Temple

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD ParthenonTemple

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Temple of Poseidon-Temple of Neptune

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Athens, Erechtheion

Delos, House Mosaic ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

2. Fountain house The fountain house, a building where women filled their vases with water from a public fountain; and the stoa (commercial centres) of Greek towns, a long narrow hall with an open colonnade on one side, which was used to house rows of shops in the agoras. A completely restored stoa, the Stoa of Attalus, in Athens. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

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3. Greek Stadiums Greek towns of substantial size had a gymnasium - social centre for male - enclosed sky-open space used for athletic and exercise Athletic events provided the opportunity for all the city-states of Greece to gather and to strengthen their common bonds through competition. The Olympic games were born in these stadiums, while wars and disputes among countries were put aside while the games were on. "stadium" comes from the Greek measure of length called the "stade," 606 feet-185m, the length of the most popular of foot races, the stade race. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD stadium at Delphi

The opening ceremony of the 1896 Olympic Games. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

4.Council Champer • Greek towns has council chamber, a large public building which served as a court house and a meeting place for the town council. • Greeks did not use arches or domes, thus they could not construct buildings with large interior spaces. So council had rows of internal columns to hold the roof up (hypostyle). ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD The building of theArsakeionin Athens, where the Council of State is seated

5. Greek Theater • every Greek town had a theatre.These Theaters was a central place of formal gatherings in ancient greece. Not only did the structure serve as the stage for Tragedies and Comedies, dramatic performances or religious ceremonies, but it also provided a forum for poetry and musical events • Theatre was usually set in a hillside outside the town, and had rows of tiered seating set in a semi-circle around the central performance area, the orchestra. Behind the orchestra was a low building called the skene, which served as a store-room, a dressing-room, and also as a backdrop to the action taking place in the orchestra. the best example at Epidaurus. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD The theater of Dionysus Build at the southeast slope of the Acropolis

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Herodus Atticus Odeion's from the Acropolis used for musical performances

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD the Odeion's exterior build by Herodus Atticus, .

6. Greek Palaces Most known to us are the palaces of Minoan Crete, the Mycenaean palaces of Peloponnese, and the Macedonian Palaces of northern Greece. As Greek society developed to be democratic during Classical times, there was no need to build palaces for the leaders. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY