ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

1. ARCHITECTURE HISTORY ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

2. Romanesque in France

4. Romanesque in France • Two forces affected the development of church architecture in France from the 10th to the 12th century. • 1. The growth of large, wealthy monastic ordersالرهبانية , • 2. A rapid increase in the number of religious pilgrimages to holy shrinesالمزارات الدينية المقدسة . • French was one of the most European peoples who received this type. • Romanesque emerged in France over the impact of natural factors such as: • Location between North and South, the difference between simple • Site on the waterways • A different climate from north to south reflect on the size of the openings • Romanesque style varied from region to region, reflecting local traditions and requirements. The largest and most important Romanesque structure was the Benedictine monastery churchكنيسة دير البندكتين • The massive monastery church, crowned with a stone vaultاقبية حجرية , contained five aislesتحتوي على 5 ممرات, two transeptsجناحين , ambulatory with chapels radiating from the apse, and a narthexصحن الكنيسة .

5. The ability to surpass the limitations of a wooden beam ceiling القدرة على تغيير استحدام القبو الخشبيby constructing a stone barrel vaultباستخدام قبو حجري متوازي allowed the builders to make the body of the nave unusually broadعلى نحو غير عادي . • Although the use of wooden roofs continued in northern France, the stone vault was one of the most successful Romanesque innovationsالابتكارات الرومانسية • In the north a considerable freedom in the use of the towers due to the absence of an old model • the design scheme in the form of Pasilican with roofs covered with Interceptive Vaults with consecutive Pointed Arch in preparation for a Gothic style استعدادا للطراز القوطي • in the south the plan in the form of Cross Form • roofs in the north are trusses, while in the south are flat roofs في الجنوب الاسقف المسطحة • Interest in churches and monasteries and buildings affected by the Roman civilization and nature • Ending the use of the circular planنهاية استخدام المسقط الجانبي

6. The most prominent location for religious sculpture was in the tympanum over the main west door leading to the center aisle of the church.التمثال المنحوت كان بمواجهة المدحل الغربي للكنيسة Here artists depicted scenes from the life of Christ or other subjects familiar to pilgrims and suitable for their contemplationالفنانين صوروا حياة المسيح و الحجاج للتأمل . A fine example of such a carved tympanum survives at the church of Saint Pierre in Moissacمواسا . Sculpture also adorned columns, capitals, wells in cloisters, and crypts. • The widespread use of Ambulatory as transition spaceانتشار استخدام المنطقة الانتقالية • Although the walls were made extremely thick to support the stone vaults and give an impression of enormous weight, the interiors were well lit through clerestory windows set high in the walls of the nave above the lower roofs covering the side aisles.

7. Remarkable of richly decorated church facades and graceful cloistersالكنائس و الاديرة رشيقة • Use of old Roman architectural features which acquired a fresh significance. • The aisleless naves, covered with domes on pendentives , or vaulting supported only by the massive walls of the recessed chapels, recall the great halls of Roman therm. • The development of vaulting progressed, and naves were often covered with barrel vaults whose thrust was resisted by half-barrel vaults over two-storeyed aisles, thus suppressing the clear-story, as at Notre Dame du Port, Clermont-Ferrandكليرمون فيراند . • The pointed arch, first used in the south of France, due to contact with the Saracens بسبب الاتصال مع العربwho overran this part • In the North, greater freedom in developing a new style, and western facades of churches, are distinguished by the introduction of two flanking towers, • Plain, massive side walls with flat buttresses emphasized the richness of the facades. • The interiors, close set with pier and pillar and roofed with archingمقوسان , form a link with the light and graceful structures of the Gothic period.

8. Naves were covered by ribbed vaults which were often sexpartite and in square compartmentsحجرات مربعة or " severies," the ribs being constructed independently and supporting the panels • The gradual change to the Gothic system was promoted by repeated attempts to cover oblong compartments with " rib and panel " vaults, a problem which was eventually solved by the introduction of the pointed arch, first used in the south of France, and introduced into the north in the twelfth century.

14. Angouleme St. Pierre

18. Arles St-Trophime - Vaulting

28. General characters of French churches • Churches plans are crusading form with one apse at the eastern façade with shrinesالاضرحة attached to the apse without ambulatory • Southern churches plans are a simple rectangle without transepts and the façades divided with belts, including rows of small arched windows at single or double or group under great arch • Facades have expensive decoration and strong sense of art • Naves frequently covered by domes • Use of ring Columns to carry the transverse vaults • square central space covered with some domes loaded at pendentivesالمقرنصات • Wide external walls build with stones and faced with curved stonesحجر منحوت resist the pressures

29. frequent Use of pointed arches for longitudinal and spin-off holes but the doors are semi-circular arches • Small and narrow windows in the south and central France, but in the north the opened area increased • Ruled out continuous vaults over the nave and instead use the cross vaults • Use of Romanian forms of Corinthian columns of animals and decoration of snakes and animals statues • Use of square shaped towers which divided into layers by prominent building blocks in continuous rows of related or separate arches • And the roof is pyramid or round ended with Cone • Squarebearing pillars of the columns rows attached with four half-columns

30. SaintSernin church in Toulouse, France

31. Saint Sernin church in Toulouse, France • Saint Sernin church which built 1080 - 1120 in Toulouse, France is one the most important big churches which accommodate large numbers. • The church plan is crusading form contain nave and double aisle at both sides and consists of two storeys covered by cross vaults • The church include two wide transepts on either sides of main space each has two small chapels at the eastern side • Small opened to the ambulatory surround the sanctuary • The plan allow the visitors move through the building along the corridors without the inconvenience of the ceremony held at the main altar.

32. nave roofed with vault divided into sections by transverse vaults • octagon tower rise above the intersection and contains a number of floors with decreasing diameter from each floor underneath it and end by acute beacon منارة حادة • the main apse consists of five main chapels centered with the Center for the circular head of the Red Cross • used collection between bricks and stones at the exterior of the church while used the stone only from the inside

33. كنيسة سانت سرنينفي فرنسا