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PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT TO MAKE FOOD

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT TO MAKE FOOD. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD. HETEROTROPHS VS AUTOTROPHS? AUTOTROPHS (A.K.A ?) DEFINITION? TWO TYPES PHOTOSYNTHETIC VS CHEMOSYNTHETIC. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD.

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT TO MAKE FOOD

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  1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT TO MAKE FOOD

  2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • HETEROTROPHS VS AUTOTROPHS? • AUTOTROPHS (A.K.A ?) • DEFINITION? • TWO TYPES • PHOTOSYNTHETIC VS CHEMOSYNTHETIC

  3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD

  4. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS IN ?? • ALL GREEN PARTS OF THEPLANT CONTAIN THEM • WHY IS IT ALL THE PARTSARE GREEN?

  5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS ABSORBS LIGHT ENERGY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS • CHLOROPLASTS ARE CONCENTRATED IN THE MESOPHYLL • MESOPHYLL? • HOW DOES CARBON DIOXIDE GET IN?

  6. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE

  7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • QUICK REVIEW QUESTION…WHERE DOES THE CARBON DIOXIDE WE BREATH OUT COME FROM? WHERE DOES THE WATER WE BREATH OUT COME FROM? • WHERE DOES THE OXYGEN PLANTS GIVE OFF COME FROM? • USING RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO FIGURE OUT WHAT THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS DO

  8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS A REDOX RXN!!

  9. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • PHOTOSYNTHESIS: AN OVERVIEW

  10. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS IN TWO MAIN STAGES • THE LIGHT REACTION (LIGHT-DEPENDENT RXN) • DEFINITION • THE DARK REACTION (LIGHT-INDEPENDENT RXN) • DEFINITION • CARBON FIXATION

  11. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • VISIBLE LIGHT DRIVES THE LIGHT REACTION • ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM • WAVELENGTHS DETERMINE PROPERTIES

  12. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • LIGHT ABSORBING PIGMENTS ABSORB LIGHT ENERGY FROM THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM • CHLOROPHYLL A • CHLOROPHYLL B • CAROTENOIDS

  13. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAPTURES SOLAR ENERGY • PHOTONS • DEFINTION? • PHOTOSYSTEMS • DEFINITION?

  14. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • TWO TYPES OF PHOTOSYSTEMS PHOTOSYSTEM I (P 700) PHOTOSYSTEM II (P 680) NAMED IN ORDER OF DISCOVERY, NOT ORDER THEY OCCUR

  15. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • THE LIGHT REACTION • GENERATES ATP, NADPH, AND OXYGEN • OCCURS IN THE THYLAKOIDS

  16. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • THE LIGHT REACTION

  17. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • THE LIGHT REACTION (IN WORDS) • LIGHT ENERGY FROM THE SUN IS ABSORBED BY ELECTRONS OF CHLOROPHYLL IN THE PHOTOSYSTEMS • THOSE ELECTRONS ARE REPLACED WHEN WATER IS SPLIT BY PHOTOLYSIS • THE HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS FROM THE PHOTOSYSTEMS ARE PASSED THROUGH ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANES • THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS CREATE A PROTON GRADIENT ACROSS THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE • CHEMIOSMOSIS POWERS ATP PRODUCTION (PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION) • THE FINAL PRODUCTS ARE ATP, NADPH, AND OXYGEN!!!

  18. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • THE DARK REACTION (A.K.A. CALVIN CYCLE)

  19. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • THE DARK REACTION • AT THIS POINT, LIGHT ENERGY HAS BEEN CONVERTED INTO ATP AND NADPH • THE DARK REACTION (LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION) CONVERTS THAT ENERGY INTO THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF AN ORGANIC COMPOUND

  20. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD

  21. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • CALVIN CYCLE (STEPS) • 3 CO2 ENTER THE STROMA, AND WITH THE HELP OF THE ENZYME RUBISCO COMBINES WITH 3 MOLECULES OF THE 5-CARBON COMPOUND RIBULOSE BIPHOSPHATE (RUBP) • THIS RESULTS IN 6 MOLECULES OF THE 3-CARBON COMPOUND PGA (PHOSPHOGLYCERATE) • THE ENERGY FROM ATP AND NADPH IS USED TO CONVERT THE 6 PGA’S INTO 6 G3P MOLECULES (GLYCERALDEHYDE-PHOSPHATE) • 1 3-CARBON G3P MOLECULE IS GIVEN OFF, THE OTHER FIVE ARE USED TO REGENERATE THE ORIGINAL 5-CARBON RUBP

  22. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD

  23. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • WE REFER TO MOST PLANTS AS C-3 PLANTS, BECAUSE THEIR PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY CREATES A 3-CARBON COMPOUND INITIALLY IN THE CALVIN CYCLE • HOWEVER, WHAT HAPPENS IF THE STOMATES ARE OPEN TOO LONG? WHAT HAPPENS IF THE CLIMATE IS TOO HOT? • PHOTORESPIRATION RESULTS WHEN STOMATES ARE CLOSED FOR EXTENDED PERIODS • PHOTORESPIRATION  DEF??

  24. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • C4 AND CAM PLANTS HAVE ADAPTATIONS TO SAVE WATER • HAVE EXTRA STEPS INVOLVED INPHOTOSYNTHESISTO CONSERVEWATER

  25. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • C4 PLANTS HAVE AN ENZYME THAT CREATE A 4 CARBON COMPOUND FROM CO2

  26. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • WHAT ADVANTAGE IS THEIR FOR A C4 PLANT? WHY BOTHER CONVERTING THE CO2? • WHAT ABOUT CAM PLANTS? • CAM = CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM • CO2 IS CONVERTED TO CRASSULACEAN ACID FIRST • TYPICALLY ONLY OCCURS IN DESERT PLANTS; STOMATES ONLY OPEN AT NIGHT • IF THEY ARE ONLY OPEN AT NIGHT, WHY IS THIS PROCESS SO IMPORTANT?

  27. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • HOW DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS HELP TO COUNTERACT GLOBAL WARMING??

  28. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD • WHEN WE DREW THE CROSS SECTION OF A LEAF, WE SAW IT WAS MADE UP OF MANY CELLS…BUT HOW DO WE GO FROM SINGLECELLED ORGANISMS,TO MULTICELLULARORGANISMS?? • YOU’LL JUST HAVE TO COME BACK TO FINDOUT!!!!!

  29. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD

  30. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD

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