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International Loran Association Convention, 27-30 October 2002 Can Loran be a Credible Backup to GNSS in Europe? N. Ward, Trinity House, UK. Loran as a backup. Definition of a backup Redundant systems Contingency systems. SOLAS Requirement. EPFS Suitable for whole voyage Regional coverage.
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International Loran Association Convention, 27-30 October 2002Can Loran be a Credible Backup to GNSS in Europe?N. Ward, Trinity House, UK
Loran as a backup • Definition of a backup • Redundant systems • Contingency systems
SOLAS Requirement • EPFS • Suitable for whole voyage • Regional coverage
Present coverage in Europe • 8 NELS stations • Chayka • Mediterranean
New stations • Baltic • Mediterranean • Spain
Modernised stations • Chayka • Mediterranean
System costs • New stations $6m x 3 • Modernised $3m x 5 • Control Center $ 0.5m • Total $33.5m
Receiver costs • 50-60k vessels • $100-400 • $10-40 fitting • Total $6-24m
Risk analysis Risks: • GNSS system failure • Accidental interference - external, natural, onboard • Jamming • Spoofing
Risk analysis Consequences: • Safety • Environmental • Commercial • Security
Dependent systems • AIS • ECDIS
Funding method • Direct levy • Public funds • PPP
Conclusions • Significant risk of losing GNSS • Loran has potential, but coverage partial • Cost of completion $40m • Maritime/defence most likely sectors
Acknowledgements • Loran costs from Megapulse • European vessel numbers from UK MCA • Illustrations from Navigation News, Marine Equipment News, International Ocean Systems, NELS