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Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles - Conclusions of t he EU Particulates Project. Zissis Samaras, Leonidas Ntziachristos (AUTh/LAT), Martin Mohr (EMPA), Neville Thompson (CONCAWE), Urban Wass (VOLVO), Jorma Keskinen (TUT).

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  1. Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles - Conclusions of the EU Particulates Project Zissis Samaras, Leonidas Ntziachristos (AUTh/LAT), Martin Mohr (EMPA), Neville Thompson (CONCAWE), Urban Wass (VOLVO), Jorma Keskinen (TUT) Particulates Project

  2. Typical Diesel Particle Size Distributions Number, Surface Area, and Mass Weightings Particulates dealt with both separately 0.25 Nuclei Mode - Usually consists of particles formed from volatile precursors as exhaust mixes Fine Particles with air during dilution 0.2 m /dlogDp Dp < 2.5 m Nanoparticles PM10 total Dp < 50 nm m Dp < 10 m dC/C 0.15 AccumulationMode - Usuallyconsists mainly of carbonaceous agglomerates Ultrafine Particles that have survived the combustion process Normalized Concentration, Dp < 100 nm 0.1 CoarseMode - Usually consists of re-entrained 0.05 particles, crankcase fumes 0 0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 Source: D.Kittelson m Diameter ( m) Mass Weighting Number Weighting Surface Weighting Particulates Project

  3. ELPI CO2 analysis Raw Diluted Denuder Heater EjectorDilutor Throttle Valve Grav. Impactor Fdddg kjlk Pump TEOM SMPS 2-stage ejector Dilutor CPC Ageing Chamber Mass FlowController DiffusionCharger Filter Charcoal Silica Gel Dilution Air Line Sample Line Cooling Agent Line Sampling system used Particulates Project

  4. Information collected over a test Particulates Project

  5. Daily test sequence Particulates Project

  6. Real World Driving Cycles UsedArtemis Motorway Particulates Project

  7. Conventional Diesels five Euro 3 two Euro 2 one “simulated” Euro 1 DPF equipped four OEM equipped one retrofitted Port injection SI four Euro 3 one Euro 1 one Californian ULEV Direct injection SI Euro 3 Two stoichiometric with TWCs three lean mode with NOx adsorber and TWC Vehicle sample24 passenger cars Particulates Project

  8. Fuels used Diesel fuels Gasolines Swedish Env. Class 1 Particulates Project

  9. Results Particulates Project

  10. Particulates Project

  11. Particulates Project

  12. Particulates Project

  13. Particulates Project

  14. Particulates Project

  15. Particulates Project

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  22. Regulated cycle Conclusions -1 • Conventional Euro 2 & 3 diesels were found • in a narrow range with respect to PM mass emissions, active surface area, solid particle number • not affected by fuel sulfur content • Total particle number emissions were also found within a narrow range not particularly prone to artifacts • Trap equipped diesels are associated with massive reductions of particle emissions • one order of magnitude in terms of mass • 2 to 4 orders of magnitude in terms of surface area, solid particles, total particles. • Some evidence of influence of higher fuel sulfur content (300 mg/kg) on nucleation mode particles Particulates Project

  23. Regulated cycle Conclusions -2 • DISIs had measurable mass emissions, though well below diesel Euro 4 limit • Active surface area, solid particle numbers and total particle numbers reveal a similar to mass behavior of DISI vehicles. • No consistent fuel effects were revealed • Port injected gasoline vehicles were found to be emitting at or below the levels of DPF equipped diesels and this for all particle parameters tested. • Their emissions performance was found to be variable, strongly depending on the characteristics of the engine management very little affected by fuel sulfur Particulates Project

  24. High power cycle Conclusions -3 • High power driving may lead to an up to one order of magnitude increase in particle emissions, and generally more variable behavior, irrespective of the property used to characterize them. • The emission increase more pronounced in the case DPF equipped vehicles operated on the higher sulfur fuel (300 mg/kg). This is related with the regeneration attempts, initiated during the high temperature operation over this cycle. • Exception to this behavior was the concentration of solid particles which, despite their increase, were found below conventional diesel levels Particulates Project

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