Assessing Governance: The Public Integrity Index and Transparency International Corruption Perception Index Compared OX

1. Assessing Governance: The Public Integrity Index and Transparency International Corruption Perception Index Compared OXFORD 17 January 2005 www.publicintegrity.org/ga

2. From Awareness to Action • Introducing the Global Integrity Report as a new way of looking at corruption issues • “Comparing” the Corruption Perceptions Index and Public Integrity Index • Reactions and Reflections

3. Global Integrity Report An investigative report tracking corruption, openness and accountability in 25 countries Released 29 April 2004, National Press Club, Washington DC

4. Global Integrity Countries 2004 25 COUNTRIES: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, the Philippines, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, United States, Ukraine, Venezuela, Zimbabwe

5. Global Integrity Approach • A new way looking at the corruption issue • Blends social science research (de jure) and investigative journalism (de facto) • Integrates qualitative and quantitative research • Independent, transparent and accessible • Learning and responsive • Web-based

6. Limits of the Methodology • National governance framework • Public sector focus • Institutional focus • Score formats

7. The Global Integrity ReportComponents • 25 Country Reports: • Country Facts • Corruption Timeline • Corruption Notebook • Integrity Assessment • Integrity Scorecard • Public Integrity Index • Generated by data collected in-country on the Integrity Indicators

8. The Global Access Team • Washington • Management • Methodology Advisory Committee (MAC) • Research • Contracting • Editing and Translation • Data generation and analysis • Web-design • Fact-checking • Libel review • In the Field • Lead social scientist (25) • Investigative journalist (25) • Peer review panels (100)

13. Existence of institutional mechanisms that prevent abuses of power (i.e. corruption) Effectiveness of these anti-corruption mechanisms that promote public integrity Citizen access to public information to hold public officials accountable What the Public Integrity Index Measures

14. Constructing the Public Integrity Index: 6 Governance Categories IV. Administration and Civil Service Civil Service Regulations; Whistle-Blowing Measures; Procurement; Privatization V. Oversight and Regulatory Mechanisms National Ombudsman; Supreme Audit Institution; Taxes and Customs; Financial Sector Regulation VI. Anti-Corruption Mechanisms and Rule of Law Anti-Corruption Law; Anti-Corruption Agency; Anti-Corruption Agency; Rule of Law and Access to Justice; Law Enforcement I. Civil Society, Public Information and Media Civil Society Organizations; Access to Information; Freedom of the Media II. Electoral and Political Processes National Elections; Election Monitoring Agency; Political Party Finances III. Branches of Government Executive; Legislature; Judiciary

15. 80 Integrity Indicators 212 sub-indicators “In law” vs. “In practice” Constructing the Public Integrity Index: Indicators and Scoring Formats • Scoring Formats

16. Scoring Tiers Very Strong (90-100) Strong (80-90) Moderate (70-80) Weak (60-70) Very Weak (below 60) Constructing the Public Integrity Index: Scoring Tiers

19. Category 2: Electoral & Political Processes Scoring tiers Very Strong (90-100) Strong (80-90) Moderate (70-80) Weak (60-70) Very Weak (below 60)

22. Integrity ScorecardSouth Africa • Very strong tier: Category 5 • Strong tier: Categories 1, 3, and 6 • Weak tier: Categories 2 and 4 Overall, South Africa ranks 6th out of 25 countries on the Public Integrity Index.

23. PROS OF PII* • Generality • De Jure / De Facto coverage • Public Access to scores • Quantitative/Qualitative blend • Multiple checks on subjective scoring • Variation among democracies * independent academic

24. Cons to PII* • Few countries • One time point • Generality • Redundancy with other sources • E.g., suffrage, women’s participation * independent academic

25. SUBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT* • Potential for Bias • Rating process occurs in three steps • Obtaining information • Processing information • Translation into rating • Problems can occur at each step • PII has mitigated many problems * independent academic

26. Scatter Plot of the PII (x) and the CPI 2003 (y). N=25, r=.686. *

27. Seven Failings of the Corruption Perceptions Index (Galtung) • Only punishing the takers, not the givers • Irregular and uncontrolled country coverage • Biased sample: more than 90% of the world is missing • Imprecise and sometimes ignorant sources • Far too narrow and imprecise definition of corruption • Does not measure trends: Cannot reward genuine reformers • Guilty by association – aid conditionality “The CPI, in other words, has become a stick without a carrot. It is all but impossible to improve their scores in the CPI through government reforms and sustained anti-corruption efforts. “ “The challenge ahead is evident: after ten years it is time to find new measurements”.

28. Main Findings of the Public Integrity Index • In 18 of the countries, there are no laws to protect civil servants who report corruption—whistle-blowers—from recrimination or other negative consequences. • In 15 of the countries, journalists investigating corruption had been imprisoned, physically harmed or killed. • In three countries, Guatemala, Mexico and Zimbabwe, both journalists and judges have been physically harmed in the past year.

29. Main Findings of the Public Integrity Index • In 14 of the countries, the head of state cannot be prosecuted for corruption. • In 7 of the countries, the top executive branch official is not required to file a personal financial disclosure form, preventing the public from seeing what private interests its leader has. • In 6 countries, the ruling party controls two-thirds or more of the seats in the national legislature, reducing the opposition parties' ability to enhance government accountability.

30. Main Findings of the Public Integrity Index • Political party finances are secret in 10 of 25 countries, the Global Integrity Report found. • 14 countries allow unlimited contributions to parties by corporations • 17 countries have no laws restricting how much parties can spend to influence elections • In 15 countries that did have legal oversight of party finances, the responsible agency rarely or almost never launched independent investigations. In 13 countries, the agency rarely or almost never imposed a penalty on those who broke campaign finance laws.