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PHYLUM CHORDATA

PHYLUM CHORDATA. Dorsal Notochord- long rod that supports the body-becomes the vertebrae in most. Dorsal Nerve cord- becomes the central nervous system. Pharyngeal gill slits- openings in the throat for feeding & breathing-becomes the Pharynx in humans.

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PHYLUM CHORDATA

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  1. PHYLUM CHORDATA • Dorsal Notochord-long rod that supports the body-becomes the vertebrae in most. • Dorsal Nerve cord-becomes the central nervous system. • Pharyngeal gill slits-openings in the throat for feeding & breathing-becomes the Pharynx in humans. • Tail-forms in embryos and extends past the anus.

  2. Evolution of Fishes • Primitive fishes lacked jaws and paired fins • Ancestral jawless fish ruled the seas during Devonian Period: Age of Fishes

  3. Evolution of Fishes

  4. CLASS PISCES: FISHES

  5. CLASS PISCES SUBCLASS SUBCLASS

  6. Jawless Fishes = Agnathans • No true teeth/jaw • Skeleton made of fibers/cartilage • Cartilage-strong supporting tissue (softer/more flexible than bone) • Lack true vertebrae (keep notochord as adults) • ONLY VERTEBRATE PARASITES! • 2 groups: Lampreys and Hagfishes

  7. Lampreys • Parasites • Sucker-like oral disks with teeth to grasp and suck tissues/flesh

  8. Hagfishes • Detritivores • No eyes • Toothed tongue • Secrete slime • 6 hearts • Tie into knot

  9. Hagfish

  10. Cartilaginous Fishes = Chondrichthyes • Sharks, Rays, Skates • Cartilage skeleton (no bone) • Sharks have thousands of teeth in rows • Skates and Rays glide with wing-like pectoral fins (bottom-dwelling)

  11. CARTILAGINOUS FISH • 850 Species of Sharks, Rays, & Skates • Skeleton is made of cartilage. S-shaped swimming/rigid fins. • External Gill slits. • Store oils & constant motion to stay afloat. • Scales are small bony plates (at one time used as sandpaper).

  12. RAYS & SKATES • Flattened body for a bottom-dwelling niche • Spiracles & eyes on the dorsal side. • Mouth, nostrils & gill slits on ventral side. • Stingrays have a hollow barb. • Manta ray grows to 18’.

  13. SHARKS • Close to 300 species. • Largest fish in the world-Whale Shark. • Can smell 1drop/blood In 1 million parts/water. • Lateral line detect vibrations in the water • Ampullae of Lorenzini Sense changes in electrical field.

  14. WHALE SHARK

  15. Bony Fishes = Osteichthyes • Bone skeleton (hard, calcified tissue) • Ray-Finned Fishes-fins formed from bony spines covered by thin layers of skin (largest group) • Lobe-Finned Fishes-fleshy fins with bones (some jointed like arms/legs)…ex. Lungfish & Coelacanth

  16. Fish: • Aquatic Vertebrates • Paired Fins • Scales • Gills Scales Eye Caudal fin Dorsal fin Lateral line Mouth Operculum (gill cover) Pectoralfin Anal fin Pelvic fin

  17. Feeding • Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and detritivores • Digestive tract: mouthesophagusstomachpyloric cecaintestineanus (solid waste) • Enzymes added by liver and pancreas

  18. Digestive System Esophagus Stomach Intestine Liver Pyloriccecum Mouth Anus Pancreas

  19. Respiration • Gills on sides of pharynx to exchange gases • Gill Filaments-feathery structures with capillaries for gas exchange • Gill Rakers-prevents prey from escaping through gills • Gill Arches-support and protect gills • Operculum-protective bony cover over gill openings

  20. Gills

  21. Lungfish • Adaptation to oxygen-poor water • Tube brings oxygen from air into fish’s mouth to “LUNG”

  22. Circulation • Closed system • 2 chambered heart • Single loop: heartgillsbody (back to heart)

  23. Fish Heart • Sinus Venosus-sac that collects oxygen poor blood from veins; sends blood toAtrium-large muscular chamber; sends it toVentricle-large muscular chamber that pumps blood; sends it toBulbus Arteriosus-muscular tube that connects toAorta-large blood vessel that sends blood to gills

  24. Fish Heart Atrium Sinus Venosus Bulbus arteriosus Ventricle

  25. Circulation in a Fish Brain and head circulation Gills Body muscle circulation Digestive system circulation Heart

  26. Excretion • Eliminate nitrogenous waste as ammonia (urine) • Kidneys filter waste from blood • Diffusion through gills Kidney

  27. Response/Nervous System • Well-developed nervous system with brain • Eyes with color vision • Taste/Smell • Lateral Line System- detect currents/vibrations in water (sense nearby fishes) Brain

  28. Olfactory Bulbs-smell (olfaction) Cerebrum-smell (and voluntary activities) Optic Lobe-process info from eyes Cerebellum-coordinates body movements Medulla Oblongata-controls internal organs Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Optic lobe Cerebellum Medulla oblongata

  29. Movement • Swim Bladder-internal gas filled organ to adjust buoyancy in bony fish only

  30. Movement continued… • Contract paired sets of muscles • Fins propel • Dorsal/Ventral fins for stability (Dorsal/Anal) • Paired fins for fine movements/turning (Pectoral/Pelvic) • Caudal fin for speed

  31. Reproduction • External/Internal fertilization • Oviparous-eggs (embryo) develop and hatch outside mom’s body; obtain food from egg yolk • Ovoviviparous-eggs stay in mom’s body; obtain food from egg yolk; young are “born alive” • Viviparous-embryos stay in mom’s body; obtain food from mom; young are born alive

  32. Anadromous-live in ocean but migrate to fresh water to breed; Ex. Salmon

  33. Migrations • Catadromous- Breed in the oceans but live in freshwater • Eels migrate to the Sargasso Sea, they spawn at depths of 300 meters and die when done

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