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Unit Eleven: The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology

Unit Eleven: The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology. Chapter 58: Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus. Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12 edition. Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain.

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Unit Eleven: The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology

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  1. Unit Eleven: The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology Chapter 58: Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12 edition

  2. Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain • Control of Cerebral Activity by Continuous • Excitatory Signals from the Brain Stem • Reticular excitatory area of the brain stem-sends signals • upward and downward • Downward-to spinal cord reflexes and to maintain tone • in the antigravity muscles • Upward through the thalamus (two signals) • Rapid transmission to excite the cerebrum • Build up progressively for seconds to minutes

  3. Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain Fig. 58.1 Excitatory-activating system of the brain

  4. Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain • Excitation by Peripheral Sensory Signals • Increased Activity of the Excitatory Area • Caused by Feedback Signals Returning • From the Cerebral Cortex • Thalamus is a Distribution Center That Controls • Activity in Specific Regions of the Cortex • A Reticular Inhibitory Area is Located in the • Lower Brain Stem

  5. Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain • Neurohormonal Control of Brain Activity-Three • Systems Studied in the Rat • Norepinephrine system-excitatory and can go to • every area of the brain • b. Dopamine system-can be both excitatory and • inhibitory; goes to specific brain regions • Serotonin system-inhibitory; goes to specific • brain regions

  6. Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain • Neurohormonal Systems in the Human Brain • Same three as in the rat plus • The acetylcholine system

  7. Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain • Neurohormonal Systems in the Human Brain Fig. 58.2 Fig. 58.3

  8. Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain • Other Neurotransmitter and Neurohormonal • Substances Secreted in the Brain

  9. Limbic System • Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System Fig. 58.5 Limbic system showing the key position of the hypothalamus

  10. Limbic System • Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System Fig. 58.4 Anatomy of the limbic system

  11. Limbic System • Hypothalamus, a Major Control Center for the • Limbic System • Has two-way communicating pathways with all • levels of the limbic system; sends output signals in • three directions: • To the brain stem (mesencephalon, medulla, and pons) and then to the ANS • To higher areas of the diencephalon and cerebrum • To the infundibulum to control secretions of the anterior and posterior pituitary

  12. Limbic System • Hypothalamus, a Major Control Center for the • Limbic System • Vegetative and endocrine control functions of the hypothalamus • Areas that cause specific activities are not as • accurately localized as suggested in the following • figures

  13. Limbic System Fig. 58.6 Control centers of the hypothalamus

  14. Limbic System Fig. 58.7 Coronal view of the hypothalamus

  15. Limbic System • Behavioral Functions of the Hypothalamus • and Associated Limbic Structures • Effects caused by stimulation of the hypothalamus • Lateral-thirst and eating; increases the general • level of activity (possibly rage and fighting) • Ventromedial nucleus-satiety, decreased • eating, and tranquility • Periventricular nuclei-fear and punishment • reactions • 4. Anterior and posterior hypothalamus-sex drive

  16. Limbic System • Behavioral Functions of the Hypothalamus • and Associated Limbic Structures • Effects caused by hypothalamic lesions • Bilateral lesions-decrease eating and • drinking to zero; extreme passivity • Ventromedial areas-excessive eating and • drinking; hyperactivity; continuous rage • and savagery

  17. Limbic System • Reward and Punishment Function of the Limbic • System • Reward centers • Punishment centers • Rage-association with punishment centers • Placidity and tameness

  18. Limbic System • Importance of Reward and Punishment on Behavior • Effect of tranquilizers on reward and punishment • Importance in learning and memory

  19. Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System • Functions of the Hippocampus • Role in learning • Theoretical function • Functions of the Amygdala • Functions of the Limbic Cortex

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