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The Renaissance

The Renaissance. 1485-1660. What does it mean?. A French word meaning “rebirth” A renewed interest in classical learning, aka writings of ancient Greece and Rome Renaissance person: energetic and productive person interested in science, literature, history, art, etc.

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The Renaissance

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  1. The Renaissance 1485-1660

  2. What does it mean? • A French word meaning “rebirth” • A renewed interest in classical learning, aka writings of ancient Greece and Rome • Renaissance person: energetic and productive person interested in science, literature, history, art, etc.

  3. Beginnings of the Renaissance • Italy • Wealth from banking and trade • Famous people • Leonardo da Vinci (artist) • Michelangelo (artist) • Christopher Columbus (explorer) • Galileo (scientist) • Most people were Roman Catholic

  4. What is humanism? • Humanism: went to the classics to strengthen Christian beliefs • Questions asked: • What is a human being? • What is a good life? • How do I lead a good life? • How can the knowledge I have help me lead this good life?

  5. New Technology • Johannes Gutenberg • Inventor of printing with movable type • Printed first complete book (Bible in Latin) • William Caxton • Setup a printing press in England

  6. The Reformation • Reformation: rejection of the pope’s authority and the Italian churchmen • 1530s: England breaks from the Roman Catholic Church • Martin Luther: new Christianity based on personal understanding of the Bible, not the pope’s ideas

  7. King vs. Pope • Divorce not allowed, especially the King • King Henry VIII: wanted a divorce from Catherine because she couldn’t give him a son • Pope…………NO!!!!!!!! • King Henry VIII: declared himself head of the English Church and broke from Roman Catholic Church

  8. Henry VIII (a playa) • Wives • Catherine of Aragon: divorced • Anne Boleyn: beheaded (movie: The Other Boleyn Girl) • Jane Seymour: died • Anne of Cleves: divorced • Catherine Howard: beheaded • Catherine Parr: survived! • “Renaissance Man”: wrote poetry and played music

  9. After Henry’s death… • Edward VI • Son of Jane Seymour • Began rule at age 9 • Died of tuberculosis (TB) • Mary (Bloody Mary) • Restored the pope’s power • Burned Protestants at the stake • Died childless (throne passed to sister Elizabeth)

  10. Elizabeth I • Restored law and order • Reestablished Church of England • Rejected the pope’s authority • Never married • Had Cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded for planned assassination attempts

  11. The Spanish Armada Sinks • Attacked England as a response to Mary’s beheading • England’s Royal Navy victorious • Ensured English independence from Catholic countries • Kept us from speaking Spanish?

  12. End of the Renaissance • James I succeeded Elizabeth • Opposite of Elizabeth in almost everyway • Poor relationship with his subjects • His son, Charles I, beheaded • England went 11 years without monarchy • Parliament and Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) in control • John Milton • Last writer of the English Renaissance

  13. William Shakespeare

  14. Boyhood in Stratford-Upon-Avon • Born April 23, 1564 in Stratford-Upon-Avon • Parents John and Mary Arden Shakespeare • Seven brothers and sisters • Grammar School from age 7 to 13

  15. William Shakespeare’s Home

  16. Marriage and Life in London • 1582 at age 18 married Anne Hathaway • 1583-1592 ??? • 1592 (28 years old) went to London • actor and playwright • first accused of borrowing from other playwrights • 1592-1594 Plague

  17. Honored as Actor and Playwright • Queen Elizabeth dies in 1603 • King James I takes the throne • Shakespeare’s Theatre company becomes the King’s Company • Member of famous writer’s group (Mermaid Tavern)

  18. Death and Burial at Stratford • 1610 retired from theatre • 1613 Globe theatre burns down • lost much money but still wealthy • helps rebuild Globe theatre • Dies on April 23, 1616 at age 52

  19. Shakespeare’s Grave

  20. Did Shakespeare really write his plays? • Many believe it is impossible for Shakespeare to have written his plays • Lacks heights and depths of passion • could not learn aristocratic sports and manners • lacked schooling

  21. Secrets of the Sonnets • 154 Sonnets, 60 songs • Love, broken trust of friend, loss of love, forgiveness • friend, dark lady, rival poet

  22. Shakespeare’s Four Periods • First Period- Apprenticeship (Age 26-30) • Second Period- Mastered his art! • Favorite “Romantic Comedy” • Third Period- Problem of Evil in the World • Forth Period- Creates a new drama form • “Tragicomedy” or the dramatic romance

  23. Shakespeare as an Elizabethan • Queen Elizabeth reigned (1558-1603) • Emerging from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance • Age was extravagant and brutal • elaborate, ornate clothing, language and manners • language was growing fast • middle class (stern, moral, and independent)

  24. Elizabeth I Symbolizes the Age • Queen Elizabeth Glory of England • To people, she represented beauty and greatness • one of the most powerful countries in the world

  25. Queen Elizabeth 1558-1603

  26. Drama in the Elizabethan Age • After defeating the Spanish Armada, England became intensely interested in the past. (Patriotic) Historical plays thrived. • Playwrights were practical men, bent on making a living • Plays were written to be acted, not read. • Once a playwright sold his manuscript, he had no personal right to it.

  27. Shakespeare’s Plots and Characters • First reading =quick • Second reading=more leisurely • Plots=romantic, poetic, farfetched, imaginative, supernatural • Characters=realistic, alive, three dimensional, powerful and eternally true

  28. The Elizabethian Theater • Round, wooden, roofless building • Three galleries of seats • Pit (no seats) cost a penny “groundlings” • Main stage • 40 feet wide • 27 feet projection into the pit • Recessed inner stage (curtains and balcony) • Music Room • Heaven and a Hell

  29. The Stage Influences on Shakespeare’s Methods • Open, free stage=quick changes, rapid action • Encourages speechmaking, passionate soliloquies • No women actors • Only day time light= speeches about time, season and weather • (Macbeth=40 such speeches • Closeness of different classes

  30. Shakespeare as a Dramatist • Objective of Plays= give pleasure • Fanciful, imaginative plays • Audience= everyday people, uneducated, wanted to escape • Wrote in verse=free use of words

  31. His Poetic Greatness • Most quoted writer in the world • diversity of speech from common men to philosophers • Examples of his Poetry

  32. Critics Rank the Plays • Tragedies-Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello • Comedies-The Tempest, As You Like It, The Winter’s Tale, The Merchants of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night’s Dream • Histories-Henry IV, Henry V, Richard II, Richard III, Henry VIII

  33. Test of Greatness • A great play is one that affects the audience deeply.

  34. Reasons for his Popularity

  35. The Great Shakespeare Collections • Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington D.C. • Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery in San Marino, California • British Museum in London,England • Bodleian Library in Oxford, England

  36. To be or not to be? That is the question! Wait a second!!! To my own self be true Then thou canst not be false to any man Be quiet Will! What’s going on And it must follow as the night and the day.

  37. Tragedy • A serious play or drama typically dealing with the problems of a central character, leading to an unhappy or disastrous ending brought on, as in ancient drama, by a fate and a tragic flaw in this character, or in modern drama, usually by moral weakness, psychological maladjustment or social pressures.

  38. Tragic Hero • A person of high rank who is brought to eventual ruin by a flaw in his/her character. • Example: Macbeth’s tragic flaw is his ambition which leads him into a series of bloody and increasingly indefensible acts.

  39. Comedy • A drama or narrative with a happy ending or non-tragic theme. • Comedy of manners- depicts and satirizes the manners and customs of fashionable society. • High comedy- appeals to and reflects the life and problems of the upper social classes, characterized by a witty, sardonic treatment. • Low comedy- farce, slap stick,burlesque, horse play

  40. Catharsis • The purging or purifying of the emotions or relieving of emotional tension, especially by art. (This concept was applied originally by Aristotle to the effects of tragic drama on the audience.)

  41. Conflict • The struggle or interplay of forces, that takes place within the story. • The main character may be in conflict with another person, value system, fate or with nature.

  42. Plot • The sequence of events that create and then resolve a conflict. Plot movement: Climax (peak tension) or Crisis (dramatic turning point) Falling action (fall of tragic hero) Rising action Resolution or Denouncement (Point at which conflict ends and outcome is made clear) Beginning of story

  43. Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre

  44. Why was the Globe built? The Lord Chamberlain’s Men (Shakespeare’s acting troupe) needed a place to perform their plays so they could compete with other acting troupes.

  45. History of the Globe Theatre • Built in 1598 and opened in 1599 • Burned down in1613 from a cannon blast during the play “Henry VIII” • Rebuilt and reopened in 1614 • Closed down by Puritans in 1642 and was torn down in 1644 • In 1996 a replica was built on the original site

  46. Facts about the Globe Theatre • Original Globe was 3 stories and held about 3000 people. • Although most of Shakespeare’s plays were held there, he only owned 12% of the theatre. • Located in Southwark near the Thames River (just outside of London).

  47. More Globe Facts • All classes of people attended plays there. • No roof so that they had sunlight. • Thus, plays had to be during the day. • People often skipped work to go. • Was not allowed to be built in the city of London because crowds often became rowdy.

  48. Problems at the Theatre • Fights • Spread of disease (the plague) • Drug dealing • Prostitution • Theft

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