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Themes in the Study of LIFE. Biology = bios (life)+ logos (study of). Nino A. Espinas Biology Unit PSHS-Main Campus. 1. The living world is a hierarchy , with each level of biological structure building on the level below it. Life is highly organized Levels of biological organization:
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Themes in the Study of LIFE Biology = bios (life)+ logos (study of) Nino A. Espinas Biology Unit PSHS-Main Campus
1. The living world is a hierarchy, with each level of biological structure building on the level below it. • Life is highly organized • Levels of biological organization: atoms- molecules- organelles- cells- tissues- organs- organ systems- organism- population- community- ecosystem- biosphere What level/s of bioorganization is/are featured in each item? 1. Gregorio T. Velasquez National Scientist Pioneer Scientist in Blue Green Algae 2. Google Earth
2. Each level of biological structure has emergent properties. • Novel properties emerge that were not present at the simpler levels • “An organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts” Are Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) cooperative or selfish?
3. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function. • Cell is the lowest level of structure capable of performing ALL life’s activities • All living things consist of cells • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types • Mitosis- cell division • White blood cells- human macrophage ingesting Candida albicans • Sperms- Sperm race
4. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Substance of genes • Units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring • Nucleotides: A, T, G, C, & U
5. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization • Form fits function • Biological structure gives us clues about what it does & how it works • Function of a structure provides insight about its construction
6. Organisms are open systems that interact continuously with their environments • An organism is an open system- an entity that exchanges materials and energy with its surroundings. • Nutrient Cycling & flow of E from sunlight to photosynthetic life forms
7. Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in living systems. • Biological processes are self regulating, operating by a mechanism called feedback- in which an output or product of a process regulates that process
8. Diversity and Unity are the dual faces of life on earth. • There is Unity in Diversity in ALL living entities of the Earth Paramecium cilia Throat and intestine villi
9. Evolution is the core theme of biology. • Life evolves • Evolution, the process that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to its vast diversity today, is the one biological theme that ties together all others • Natural Selection = Differential Reproductive Success
10. Scientific Inquiry • Observation-based discovery and the testing of explanations through hypothesis based inquiry
11.Science, Technology, and Society • Technologies are goal oriented applications of science • Science and technology must promote and improve NOT just human lives, but ALL organisms on earth as well. • An Inconvenient Truth
Main References • Campbell NA, Reece, JB, and Mitchell LG.2000. Biology. Addison Wesley Longman. 1175 pp. • Campbell and Reece. 2005. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 1231 pp.