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Biochemistry for Biology. The Chemistry of Life. Cells. The Elements of Life. • The FIVE primary elements of Life and all Living things- (You must know these symbols and the corresponding names) • C carbon • H hydrogen • O oxygen • N nitrogen • P phosphorus.
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Biochemistry for Biology The Chemistry of Life
The Elements of Life • The FIVE primary elements of Life and all Living things- (You must know these symbols and the corresponding names) • C carbon • H hydrogen • O oxygen • N nitrogen • P phosphorus
Reading Chemical Formulas • When elements are combined to make molecules and compounds, the subscript number represents how many atoms of each element is in the molecule. • For example, water H2O is really 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atoms.
Organic compounds/molecules • are those that contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Like glucose, C6H12O6 and methane, CH4.
Inorganic compounds/molecules • are those that DO NOT contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Like water H2Oand carbon dioxide CO2 .
Inorganic OR Organic • O2 • C6H12O6 • CO2
V.I.I.M. Very Important Inorganic Molecules • O2 OXYGEN • CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE • H2O WATER Processes we have seen these in: • photosynthesis • Cellular respiration • Carbon, water, & oxygen cycles • Greenhouse gases (CO2 & H2O)
V.I.O.M.M.Very ImportantOrganic MacroMolecules Macro mean BIG, sooooo…these are mostly very big molecules, they are as follows: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins
Wonderful World of Water • Water covers most of the planet (74% fresh and salt) and makes up the greatest percentage of ALL living organisms. • Depending on temperature and volume, humans can live WITHOUT WATER for only one to ten days
Wonderful World of Water The water molecule is POLAR: • Meaning it has an uneven distribution of charges, a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end • NONPOLAR molecules have an even distribution of charges like petroleum Remember like dissolves like, soooooo
Wonderful World of Water • Because water is so important there are two important watery terms you need to know- • Hydrophilic –water loving molecules, will easily dissolve in water • Hydrophobic -water fearing molecules, do not mix/dissolve in water and often move AWAY from water
Wonderful World of Water • Hydrogen bonds are formed between polar molecules involving slightly positive Hydrogen and slightly negative Oxygen or Nitrogen atoms • They DO NOT change the molecules involved, they are weak, temporary bonds that are essential in ALL living organisms
Hydrogen bonds & Water • Surface tension is explained by the hydrogen bonds formed by water molecules at the surface • Cohesion-is the property where same molecules are attracted to each other • Adhesion-is the property where different molecules are attracted to each other
MacroMolecules • A monomer is a simple compound that can join together to for polymers • A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds
Carbohydrates • Are made up of the elements C H O • Are used as a source of energy • Are important to many organisms for structure and cell markers • The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides • The polymers of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides
Carbohydrates Cell walls, cell Markers & Cell Energy Glucose & Glycogen
Carbohydrates • 4 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include bread, pasta, veggies and fruit
Monosaccharides-(simplesugars or carbohydrates) • Glucose • Fructose • Ribose • Deoxyribose • Galactose
Polysaccharides-(complexsugars (carbs) or starches) • Starch • Glycogen • Cellulose • Amylose Disaccharides (made of only 2 monomers) • sucrose • lactose • maltose Many carbs end in the suffix -ose
Lipids • Are made up of the elements C H O • Are used as a source of stored energy • Are important to all organisms for as the main part of ALL cell membranes
Lipids • 9 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include butter, oil and animal fat
Lipids • Saturated fats/lipids contain only single bonds between carbons • Unsaturated fats/lipids have some double bonds and fewer hydrogens • A triglyceride is made up of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
Lipids Fatty acids
Lipids triglyceride
Lipids Steroids (hormones)
Lipids phospholipid
Lipids • Lipids include many hormones including steroids like testosterone, waxes like ear wax, oils and blubber, and ALL cell membranes like phospholipids • Most of these are large nonpolar or hydrophobic molecules. • This means that they do not, usually, mix with water.
Nucleic Acids: • Made up of the elements C H O N P • Are important to all organisms for the genetic code to make proteins • The monomers are nucleotides • The three parts of the monomer are a nitrogen base, phosphate group and a pentose sugar • The polymers are DNA, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA
Nucleic Acids • Monomers (Nucleotides) 4 for DNA 4 for RNA
Proteins • Made up of the elements C H O N • Function in movement because they make up muscle and connective tissue • Are important to all organisms for structure and metabolic processes • The monomers of proteins are amino acids and there are 20 biologically essential amino acids.
Proteins • A protein’s shape is determined by the arrangement of amino acids • DNA is the instructions for making proteins in organisms, a mutation means that the protein may not work! • The ending(s) is used for many proteins are –in and –ase (enzymes) • Small proteins are often called polypeptides
Proteins • 4 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include egg whites and animals, plants contain limited amounts of protein
Protein Monomers • Amino acids
Biurettest for proteins neg pos
Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins • Enzymes regulate and maintain metabolic functions in ALL living things. They are essential to life Enzymes • Speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation • Are biological Catalysts • Are very specific • Are reusable
Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins • The substrate is the specific thing an enzyme works on • The name of many enzymes ends in –ase. • Often are described as lock and key because how very specific they are and how they can be reused like a lock