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Biochemistry for Biology

Dive into the world of biochemistry to explore the fundamental elements of life, from the FIVE primary elements to important molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Learn about the properties of water, key organic and inorganic compounds, and processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration that shape life on Earth.

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Biochemistry for Biology

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  1. Biochemistry for Biology The Chemistry of Life

  2. Cells

  3. The Elements of Life • The FIVE primary elements of Life and all Living things- (You must know these symbols and the corresponding names) • C carbon • H hydrogen • O oxygen • N nitrogen • P phosphorus

  4. Reading Chemical Formulas • When elements are combined to make molecules and compounds, the subscript number represents how many atoms of each element is in the molecule. • For example, water H2O is really 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atoms.

  5. Organic compounds/molecules • are those that contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Like glucose, C6H12O6 and methane, CH4.

  6. Inorganic compounds/molecules • are those that DO NOT contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Like water H2Oand carbon dioxide CO2 .

  7. Inorganic OR Organic • O2 • C6H12O6 • CO2

  8. V.I.I.M. Very Important Inorganic Molecules • O2 OXYGEN • CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE • H2O WATER Processes we have seen these in: • photosynthesis • Cellular respiration • Carbon, water, & oxygen cycles • Greenhouse gases (CO2 & H2O)

  9. V.I.O.M.M.Very ImportantOrganic MacroMolecules Macro mean BIG, sooooo…these are mostly very big molecules, they are as follows: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

  10. Wonderful World of Water H2O

  11. Wonderful World of Water • Water covers most of the planet (74% fresh and salt) and makes up the greatest percentage of ALL living organisms. • Depending on temperature and volume, humans can live WITHOUT WATER for only one to ten days

  12. Wonderful World of Water The water molecule is POLAR: • Meaning it has an uneven distribution of charges, a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end • NONPOLAR molecules have an even distribution of charges like petroleum Remember like dissolves like, soooooo

  13. Polar and Nonpolar

  14. Wonderful World of Water • Because water is so important there are two important watery terms you need to know- • Hydrophilic –water loving molecules, will easily dissolve in water • Hydrophobic -water fearing molecules, do not mix/dissolve in water and often move AWAY from water

  15. Wonderful World of Water

  16. Wonderful World of Water • Hydrogen bonds are formed between polar molecules involving slightly positive Hydrogen and slightly negative Oxygen or Nitrogen atoms • They DO NOT change the molecules involved, they are weak, temporary bonds that are essential in ALL living organisms

  17. Hydrogen bonds & Water

  18. Hydrogen bonds & Water • Surface tension is explained by the hydrogen bonds formed by water molecules at the surface • Cohesion-is the property where same molecules are attracted to each other • Adhesion-is the property where different molecules are attracted to each other

  19. MacroMolecules • A monomer is a simple compound that can join together to for polymers • A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds

  20. Carbohydrates • Are made up of the elements C H O • Are used as a source of energy • Are important to many organisms for structure and cell markers • The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides • The polymers of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides

  21. Carbohydrates Cell walls, cell Markers & Cell Energy Glucose & Glycogen

  22. Carbohydrates • 4 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include bread, pasta, veggies and fruit

  23. Monosaccharides-(simplesugars or carbohydrates) • Glucose • Fructose • Ribose • Deoxyribose • Galactose

  24. Polysaccharides-(complexsugars (carbs) or starches) • Starch • Glycogen • Cellulose • Amylose Disaccharides (made of only 2 monomers) • sucrose • lactose • maltose Many carbs end in the suffix -ose

  25. Carbohydrates

  26. Benedict’stest for monosaccharidesnegpospospos

  27. Iodinetest for polysaccharidesposneg

  28. Lipids • Are made up of the elements C H O • Are used as a source of stored energy • Are important to all organisms for as the main part of ALL cell membranes

  29. FatCells

  30. Lipids • 9 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include butter, oil and animal fat

  31. Lipids • Saturated fats/lipids contain only single bonds between carbons • Unsaturated fats/lipids have some double bonds and fewer hydrogens • A triglyceride is made up of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

  32. Lipids Fatty acids

  33. Lipids triglyceride

  34. Lipids Steroids (hormones)

  35. Lipids phospholipid

  36. Lipids • Lipids include many hormones including steroids like testosterone, waxes like ear wax, oils and blubber, and ALL cell membranes like phospholipids • Most of these are large nonpolar or hydrophobic molecules. • This means that they do not, usually, mix with water.

  37. Brown papertest for lipidsposneg

  38. Nucleic Acids: • Made up of the elements C H O N P • Are important to all organisms for the genetic code to make proteins • The monomers are nucleotides • The three parts of the monomer are a nitrogen base, phosphate group and a pentose sugar • The polymers are DNA, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA

  39. Nucleic Acids • Monomers (Nucleotides) 4 for DNA 4 for RNA

  40. Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

  41. Proteins • Made up of the elements C H O N • Function in movement because they make up muscle and connective tissue • Are important to all organisms for structure and metabolic processes • The monomers of proteins are amino acids and there are 20 biologically essential amino acids.

  42. Proteins • A protein’s shape is determined by the arrangement of amino acids • DNA is the instructions for making proteins in organisms, a mutation means that the protein may not work! • The ending(s) is used for many proteins are –in and –ase (enzymes) • Small proteins are often called polypeptides

  43. Proteins • 4 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include egg whites and animals, plants contain limited amounts of protein

  44. Protein Monomers • Amino acids

  45. Proteins

  46. Biurettest for proteins neg pos

  47. Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins • Enzymes regulate and maintain metabolic functions in ALL living things. They are essential to life Enzymes • Speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation • Are biological Catalysts • Are very specific • Are reusable

  48. Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins

  49. Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins • The substrate is the specific thing an enzyme works on • The name of many enzymes ends in –ase. • Often are described as lock and key because how very specific they are and how they can be reused like a lock

  50. Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins

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