MCAS BIOLOGY REVIEW Biochemistry and Cell Biology

1. MCAS BIOLOGY REVIEWBiochemistry and Cell Biology Ms. Mezzetti Lynn English High School

2. 1.1: BASIC CHEMISTRY • Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. • The six most common are C, H, N, O, P, S. • All living organisms are composed of organic molecules. Organic molecules contain carbon. Therefore, all living organisms contain carbon • The six most abundant elements in nature are: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

3. 1.2 ORGANIC MOLECULES • Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of organic molecules:

4. CARBS LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

5. 2.1: CELL ORGANELLES • Relate cell parts/organelles to their functions.

6. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling nucleus protects DNA controls cell vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Animal Cell

7. nucleolus make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes nucleus control cell protects DNA ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals Plant Cell

8. 2.1: CELL ORGANELLES CILIA PSEUDOPOD FLAGELLUM Found mostly in animal cells; all used for cell movement

9. 2.1 Role of cell membrane • Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport).

10. Role of cell membrane-osmosis Osmosis – diffusion of water

11. 2.2: PROKARYOTES/EUKARYOTES • Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, prokaryotes and eukaryotes (general structures and degrees of complexity).

12. 2.2: PROKARYOTES/EUKARYOTES

13. 2.3 CELLULAR EVIDENCE FOR 6 KINGDOMS Use cellular evidence: • cell structure • cell number, • cell reproduction • modes of nutrition to describe the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).

14. 7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

15. 2.3 SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE

16. 2.4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Takes place in the chloroplasts of plants • Produces glucose plants convert to starch for storage, cellulose for structure and ATP for energy.

17. 2.4 CELL RESPIRATION • Takes place in the mitochondria • Process produces ATP • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen • Anaerobic- no oxygen; fermentation; takes place in cytosol

18. 2.4: Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms. • Plants are autotrophs-produce their own food • Animals are heterotrophs-rely on other organisms for their nutrition (food).

19. 2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism.

20. 2.6 MITOSIS/CELL CYCLE • Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis.

21. 2.6: MITOSIS Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells, and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction. • Purpose of mitosis is for growth and repair in somatic (body cells)

22. 2.7 Meiosis-Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells.

23. 2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic material and reproduction. • Viruses can contain DNA and RNA • Viruses can not reproduce on their own • They need to invade a host cell to reproduce • Bacteriophages invade bacteria; inject their DNA into the host cell