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1815-1830 Upheaval

1815-1830 Upheaval. Challenges to Order & Conservative Reactions Challenges to the Concert of Europe. Chronology of Uprisings. German Confederation Wartburg Festival & Burschenschaften (1817-1819): FAILED England Peterloo Massacre (1819): FAILED Spain (1820-1823): FAILED

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1815-1830 Upheaval

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  1. 1815-1830 Upheaval Challenges to Order & Conservative Reactions Challenges to the Concert of Europe

  2. Chronology of Uprisings • German Confederation Wartburg Festival & Burschenschaften(1817-1819): FAILED • England Peterloo Massacre (1819): FAILED • Spain (1820-1823): FAILED • Italy part 1 (1820-1821): FAILED • Greece (1821-1830): SUCCESSFUL • Russian Decembrist (1825): FAILED • France July Revolution (1830): SUCCESSFUL • Belgium (1830-1839): SUCCESSFUL • Poland (1830-1831): FAILED • Italy part 2 (1831-1832): FAILED

  3. I. England • Tories (conservative) in England in charge • Faced economic problems –reactionary policies • Corn Laws 1815 • Halt import of cheap foreign grain • Aided Tory landholding aristocracy • Increased cost of bread • Drove poor to protest

  4. Coercion Acts of 1817 • Suspended habeas corpus • Arbitrary arrest & punishment • Curtailed freedom of press & public mass meetings • Peterloo Massacre (1819) • Crowds gather to hear about reforms re: Corn Laws, etc • Police broke up meeting & killed 18 or so; 700 injuries • http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1819Peterloo.asp • Six Acts of Parliament (1819) • Responded to Peterloo • Repressive measures • New authority to repress liberalist radicals

  5. Cato Street Conspiracy (1820) • Extremists plotted to blow up British Cabinet • Got caught • Provided further reasons for Tory suppression of Liberals • Discredited Parliamentary reformers • Younger Tories • England well on its way to Authoritarian Regime • Younger generation of Tories less extreme conservative • In time, English tradition of freedoms such as habeas corpus resurfaced

  6. II. France • Restoration of Bourbons: Louis XVIII 1814/15-1824) • Constitutional Monarchy • Followed the “Charter” • Royal power limited • Legislative powers in Bicameral Congress • Civil Rights protected • Code Napoleon upheld

  7. Divided France • Liberal (Fr Rev’l) • Conservative (anti-Fr Rev’l) • Ultraroyalists (Old Order) • Led by Count Artois – brother of the king • “White Terror” (1815) • Royalist mobs • Murdered thousands of former revolutionaries • Assassination of Duke of Berri (son of Artois)sparked conservative reaction – king’s liberal policies blamed

  8. King become more conservative • Electoral Laws restrict electorate to wealthy • Censorship imposed • Liberals driven out of legal life • 1823: Concert granted France permission to crush Spanish uprising & restore another Bourbon (Ferdinand VII) • Charles X (1824-1830) • Conservative: Divine Right • Supported by Ultraroyalists • Gave compensation to Aristocracy that lost land in Fr Rev’l • 1830 he dissolved the legislature

  9. July Revolution (1830) • Reaction against conservative moves led to revolt • Forced Charles X to abdicate • King Louis Philippe of Orleans (1830-1848) • “Bourgeoisie King” • Constitutional King • France essentially led by Bourgeoisie/bankers/business • Uprising SUCCESSFUL!!! Spurred uprisings all over Europe

  10. III. German States: Prussia & Austria • German Confederation of 39 States • Prussia & Austria had empires outside German Confederation borders • German “Bund” dominated by Metternich • Bund is German diet – Austria is the President • Goal: prevent liberal disorder or revolution

  11. Prussia led by territorially aggressive Hohenzollern Dynasty • Liberal reforms after fall of Napoleon made many think of Prussia as having liberal leanings • Liberal reforms meant to make Prussia more efficient: NOT meant as portent to future liberal policies! • Junkers followed Metternich’s lead & anti-liberal movements • Liberal agitation • German Universities had liberal leanings • Burschenschaften • Wartburg Festival (1817) students burned symbols of conservative authority • Russian agent wound up being killed by a member of the Burschenschaften • Karlsbad (Carlsbad) Diet and Decrees (1819) • Cracked down on liberals • Freedoms repressed • Liberals driven underground • http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Carlsbad_Decrees

  12. July revolution in France encouraged a renewal of German Liberal Demonstrations: quickly repressed • Later factors effecting German States • Zollverein (started in 1834) • Customs union uniting German States into 1 economic unit • Austria refused to join • Frankfurt Assembly (1848) – discussed later • Uprisings FAILED!

  13. IV. Russia • Czar Alexander I (1810-1825) • Initially favored Enlightened Despotism • Torn between Enlightened ideas and Russian Absolutism • Believed he was one to lead Europe into a new age of benevolence and good will (no one else saw him as this!) • Effected by Metternich at the 1815 Congress of Vienna • Became very conservative

  14. Initial Liberal Reforms: Speransky • Advisor Michael Speransky help reconstruct Russia after Napoleonic Era • Admired reforms made by Napoleon • Reforms alienated Aristocracy (Boyars) • Speransky dismissed • Alexander I, after Congress of 1815, started to see the world in Biblical terms • Revolution & Napoleon was inspired by Satan • Tried the Holy Alliance: Alliance based on Christian Conservative Nations

  15. New Advisor: General Arakcheiev • Repression was the order of the day! • No toleration of opposition or criticism of the regime • Early liberal tendencies were crushed • Czar Nicholas I (1825-1855) • Most reactionary of Czars! • “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” • Didn’t like serfdom, but did nothing about it

  16. Decembrist Uprising (1825) • Junior military officers and upper-class opponents of autocracy supported grievances among Russian society • Decembrists revolted, but failed • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/155016/Decembrist • Two camps developed: • Slavophiles: believed Russian village (mir) was superior to the Western world • Westernizers: wanted to extend the “genius” pf Russian culture by industrializing and setting up constitutional government • Uprising FAILED!

  17. V. Other Revolts in Europe • Spanish Revolt (1820-1823) • King Ferdinand VII returned to power after Napoleon • He repressed liberals (very conservative) • Mutiny of army troops forced king to sign a liberal constitution • King secretly asked for help from Concert of Euro • France given permission to intervene • Ferdinand VII ruled as ruthless absolutist • Uprising FAILED!

  18. Italian Uprising part 1 (1820) • Carbonari (Charcoal burners) led uprising against king of Two Sicilies (Kingdom of Naples) • King forced to sign liberal constitution • Austria marched in troops and repressed revolt • Uprising FAILED!

  19. Italian Uprising part 2 (1831-1832) • Inspired by French July Revolution • Attempt to unify North Italy • Austria intervenes and stops uprising • As a result, Young Italy is formed • Secret nationalist society • Led by Mazzini • Uprising FAILED!!!

  20. The Eastern Question: Greek Revolt (1821-1830) • Greeks revolt against Ottoman Turk rule • Egypt aided Turkey • Europeans sided with Greece (Greece was, after all, the Classical foundation of Europe) • Russian, British, and French Navy defeated Turks at the Battle of Navarino in 1827 • Treaty of Adrianople signed in 1829 • Full Greek independence recognized in 1830 • Uprising SUCCESSFUL!

  21. Belgium Uprising (1830-1839) • Belgium placed under control of Netherlands/Holland at Congress of Vienna • Belgians declare independence from Holland • Dutch (Holland) sent in army in 1831 • France and Britain send in troops that forced Dutch to retreat • Belium declares independence and is supported by Britain, France, Prussia, Russia, and Austria • Dutch do not recognize Belgian independence until 1839 • Uprising SUCCESSFUL!!!

  22. Poland uprising (1830-1831) • Nationalist groups revolt against Russian domination because rumor had it that Czar Nicholas I was going to force Polish troops to get involved in France and Belgium • Russian troops forced out and Poland set up revolutionary government • Russia invaded in 1831 and defeated Polish troops • Attempt to “Russify” Poland • Uprising FAILED!!!

  23. Chronology of Uprisings • German Confederation Wartburg Festival & Burschenschaften(1817-1819): FAILED • England Peterloo Massacre (1819): FAILED • Spain (1820-1823): FAILED • Italy part 1 (1820-1821): FAILED • Greece (1821-1830): SUCCESSFUL • Russian Decembrist (1825): FAILED • France July Revolution (1830): SUCCESSFUL • Belgium (1830-1839): SUCCESSFUL • Poland (1830-1831): FAILED • Italy part 2 (1831-1832): FAILED

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