1789-1815

1. Part III https://mrfee.wikispaces.com The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815 FOCUS What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution, and how did the revolution lead to the Napoleonic era?

2. (6.4) I. The Age of Napoleon • A) Napoleon Rises to Power • B) Napoleon Reforms France • C) Napoleon Builds an Empire • D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges • E) Napoleon Falls From Power • F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna

3. A) Napoleon Rises to Power Victories Cloud Losses • Napoleon born in Corsica, 1769 • When the revolution began in 1789, he was a ambitious lieutenant • Favored Jacobins and republican rule • Early success with French military against British forces in 1793 • Victories against Austria and Italy • In order to disrupt British trade with India, Napoleon led expedition to Egypt in 1798

4. A) Napoleon Rises to Power Victories Cloud Losses • Plans to defeat Britain (in Egypt) backfired, but hid many of the stories associated with conflict with network of spies and censors -How did he do this? • Returned to France in late 1799 • Overthrew weak Directory and set up a three-man board known as the Consulate, then another constitution is drafted • Napoleon takes title of First Consul, and in 1802 names himself consul for life

5. A) Napoleon Rises to Power Napoleon Crowns Himself Emperor • By 1804, Napoleon has acquired enough power to assume the title Emperor of the French • Invites the pope to preside over his coronation • Takes crown from pope’s hands and places it on his own head, symbolizing that he own his throne to no one but himself For all practical purposes, the French Revolution had ended and the Age of Napoleon had begun

6. Worth Remembering… • At each step of his rise to power, Napoleon held a plebiscite (popular vote) by ballot • Each time the French voters strongly supported him • While the people theoretically had a say in government through their votes, Napoleon still held absolute power • Often referred to a democratic despotism

7. (6.4) I. The Age of Napoleon • A) Napoleon Rises to Power • B) Napoleon Reforms France • C) Napoleon Builds an Empire • D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges • E) Napoleon Falls From Power • F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna

8. B) Napoleon Reforms France Consolidation of Power by Strengthening Central Government • The slogans of liberty, equality, and fraternity replaced with order, security, and efficiency • Napoleon controlled prices, encouraged new industry, built roads and canals • Set up system of public schools under strict gov’t control, ensured well-trained officials and military officers

9. B) Napoleon Reforms France Religious & Civic Reforms • Backs off from social reforms promoted by the revolution • Makes peace with the Catholic Church in the Concordatof 1801, kept the Church under state control but recognizes religious freedom for Catholics • Revolutionaries denounce agreement, Catholics welcome it

10. B) Napoleon Reforms France Religious & Civic Reforms • Napoleon wins supports across all the classes • Encourages émigrés to return, as long as they take oath of loyalty • Peasants allowed to keep lands bought from Church and nobles during the revolution • Napoleon opens jobs to all, based on talent not aristocracy

11. B) Napoleon Reforms France His most lasting reform… • The Napoleonic Code is a new code of laws • Included Enlightenment principles: equality of all citizens before the laws, religious toleration, and abolition of feudalism • Undid some reforms: women lost most of the rights they recently had gained, male heads of households regained complete authority over their wives and children Can you see why Napoleon valued order and authority over individual rights?

12. (6.4) I. The Age of Napoleon • A) Napoleon Rises to Power • B) Napoleon Reforms France • C) Napoleon Builds an Empire • D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges • E) Napoleon Falls From Power • F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna

13. C) Napoleon Builds an Empire The Period of 1804 to 1812 • Now that the homeland is secure, Napoleon returns to the field of battle • “I grew up on the field of battle, and a man such as I cares little for the life of a million men” • Valued rapid movements and made effective use of large armies • Developed new plan for each battle, opposing generals could never anticipate what his next move would be • “One Napoleon = 40,000 troops”

14. C) Napoleon Builds an Empire Did he make a mistake in 1803? • Required 55,000 soldiers and money, also funds to prepare for war in Europe • President Thomas Jefferson saw French control over New Orleans as obstacle to westward expansion • When Napoleon took the throne, slave revolt in French-controlled Haiti • Sent James Monroe to France as envoy with authority to buy New Orleans for $3 million • Napoleon offered entire territory for $15m, but had 2nd thoughts

15. C) Napoleon Builds an Empire The Map of Europe is Redrawn • Napoleon annexed(brought into his empire): the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy, Germany • Abolishes the Holy Roman Empire • Creates a 38-member Confederation of the Rhine • Cuts Prussian territory in half, turning part of old Poland into the Grand Duchy of Warsaw Napoleon controls much of Europe through forceful diplomacy

16. C) Napoleon Builds an Empire Napoleon controls much of Europe through forceful diplomacy • Places friends and relatives on the thrones of Europe • Forces alliances on various European powers • Overthrow monarchs, then sign treaties with new rulers • Napoleon’s success boosts spirit of nationalism at home • Large parades, cheering crowds, celebrations and grandeur

17. C) Napoleon Builds an Empire Napoleon Strikes Britain • Britain remains outside Napoleon’s European empire • Britain had small army, but major force on the seas • Napoleon prepares to invade England in 1805 • Battle of Trafalgar, off southwest coast of Spain, British smash the French fleet

18. C) Napoleon Builds an Empire Napoleon Strikes Britain • Napoleon wages economic warfare through the Continental System, which then closes European ports to British goods • Britain responds with its own blockade, neutral ships are seized

19. C) Napoleon Builds an Empire Napoleon Cannot Conquer Britain • British attacks on American ships (who were neutral) and eventually trigger the War of 1812 • British trade may have declined, but their navy keeps vital trade routes open to the Americas and India • Trade restrictions create scarcity of goods in Europe, sending prices soaring and intensifying resentment against French power

20. (6.4) I. The Age of Napoleon • A) Napoleon Rises to Power • B) Napoleon Reforms France • C) Napoleon Builds an Empire • D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges • E) Napoleon Falls From Power • F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna

21. D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges Nationalism Works Against Napoleon • At first Europeans welcome the ideas of the French Revolution • Eventually saw Napoleon and his armies as foreign oppressors • Europeans resented the Continental System and any efforts to impose French culture on them • Other countries begin their own movements of nationalism

22. D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges Nationalism Works Against Napoleon • Resistance to French rule in other countries results in rebellion • Napoleon introduces reforms seeking to undermine the Spanish Catholic Church • Spain resists and French respond with brutal repression, only incites Spanish nationalism • Spanish patriots conduct guerilla warfare (“little war”) • Guerilla bands ambush French supply trains, forcing Napoleon to keep large numbers of soldiers in Spain, he needed elsewhere

23. D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges Nationalism Works Against Napoleon • Spain’s success inspires Austria • Austria seeks revenge for crushing loss to Napoleon in 1805 • 1809: Battle of Wagram (2 days), 300,000 troops, flat battlefield, extensive use of artillery • 34,000 French causalities, 42,000 Austrian causalities, and many wounded • Austria surrenders lands populated by more than 3,000,000 • A stepping stone is secured for his next target: Russia

24. D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges The Alliance Between Napoleon and Russia • Tsar Alexander I once an ally of Napoleon • Agreed to divide Europe if Alexander helped Napoleon in his Continental System • Napoleon enlarged the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (modern-day Poland) on the borders of Russia • Napoleon responds to tsar’s action of withdrawing support from Continental System by assembling army of soldiers from 20 nations, known as the Grand Army

25. D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges The Russian Winter Stops the Grand Army • June 24, 1812: Napoleon invades Russia with 600,000 soldiers and 50,000 horses • Russians retreat eastward, burning crops and villages behind them • Scorched-earth policy leaves French soldiers hungry and cold as winter arrives • Napoleon enters Moscow in September and realizes he will not be able to feed and supply his army through the long Russian winter – In October he turns homeward!

26. D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges The 1,000 Mile Retreat Begins • Napoleon began invasion with 600,000 troops, but only 20,000 survived • Many died, others deserted • Napoleon rushes to Paris to raise new forces to defend France • Suddenly, the people begin to doubt his ability to lead It’s all downhill from here…

27. (6.4) I. The Age of Napoleon • A) Napoleon Rises to Power • B) Napoleon Reforms France • C) Napoleon Builds an Empire • D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges • E) Napoleon Falls From Power • F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna

28. E) Napoleon Falls From Power New Alliance Scores Victories • Disaster in Russia brings new alliance between Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia • 1813: Napoleon is defeated in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig (3 day war) • Casualties (on all sides) estimated between 80,000 - 100,000 • Napoleon returns to Paris in defeat Video: Napoleon's Lost Army

29. E) Napoleon Falls From Power Napoleon Abdicates…Briefly • Napoleon withdraws to Paris with less than 70,000 troops, officers deserting • April 11, 1814: Napoleon abdicated (stepped down) from power • Exiled to Elba, an island in the Mediterranean with 12,000 inhabitants • Given sovereignty over the island and allowed to retain title of emperor • Within 2 months, he organizes military and infrastructure on the island

30. E) Napoleon Falls From Power Look Who’s Back In Power • “Bring back the monarchy!” With Napoleon out of the way, Louis XVIII recognized as king of France • Agreed to accept Napoleonic Code and honor land settlements, but many émigrésreturning to France with revenge on their mind • Economic depression and fear of a return to the old regime rekindles loyalty to Napoleon • March 1815: Allies gather in Vienna for peace conference • Napoleon escapes from exile and returns to France

31. E) Napoleon Falls From Power It Was A Short-Lived Return • Napoleon returns to Paris for 100 days of rule • Within sixty days of his return, he amasses army of 200,000 troops • Chooses to go on the offensive against oncoming Britain and Prussian armies • June 18, 1815: opposing armies meet near Waterlooin Belgium • Napoleon forced to abdicate (again) and sent into exile on a lonely island in the South Atlantic (St. Helena)

32. E) Napoleon Falls From Power Napoleon’s Legacy • Died alone in 1821 • He saw himself as “the revolution on horseback” • Others considered him a traitor to the revolution • How did Napoleon impact France and Europe? Sparks nationalism all across Europe for years to come

33. (6.4) I. The Age of Napoleon • A) Napoleon Rises to Power • B) Napoleon Reforms France • C) Napoleon Builds an Empire • D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges • E) Napoleon Falls From Power • F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna

34. F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna Goal was to restore stability and order in Europe • Met from Sept 1814 to June 1815 • Huge gathering of leaders, diplomats and royalty • Chief goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy • However, each leader pursued his own goals

35. F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna The Map of Europe Was Redrawn • France was “ringed” with strong countries • Turned back the clock to 1792 by promoting the principle of legitimacy (restoring the hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution/ Napoleon had unseated) • This also put Louis XVIII back on the French throne…again • Later restored monarchs in Portugal, Spain and Italy

36. F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna Congress Fails to See Traps Ahead • To protect the new order, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain extend wartime alliance into the postwar era • Quadruple Alliance pledges to act together to maintain balance of power and to suppress revolutionary uprisings • Also agreed on the Concert of Europe, powers would meet periodically to discuss any problems • Their decisions influenced European politics for the next 100 years, but neglected the force of nationalism

37. At this point, has your thinking changed?…. • People should never take part in political revolution • People should take part in political revolution only if their family is in danger. • People should take part in political revolution only if their basic human rights are not met. • People should take part in political revolution • Which of the following statements do you most agree with?