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The Triumph of Steam

The Triumph of Steam. Chapter 5: In Summary. Section One: Key Questions What was the Industrial Revolution? Why did it happen?. What 3 Industries Changed the Most?. Agriculture (Growing food) Manufacturing (Textiles) Transportation (Speed on land and sea).

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The Triumph of Steam

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  1. The Triumph of Steam Chapter 5: In Summary

  2. Section One: Key Questions What was the Industrial Revolution? Why did it happen?

  3. What 3 Industries Changed the Most? • Agriculture (Growing food) • Manufacturing (Textiles) • Transportation (Speed on land and sea)

  4. What was the “working people’s struggle”? Factory workers had to work long hours, for little $, in unsafe conditions

  5. Downsides of Industrial Revolution • Cities were dirtier, more crowded and more disease ridden • 80% of the population was poor… • Natural resource exploitation: global warming

  6. Why Britain? • Freer political institutions • Capital ($) • Raw materials • Labour: -Need for labour saving (small pop) -Willing (poor) workers

  7. What does “Laissez-Faire” mean? • Whigs (business people) had come to power • Deregulated business meant that business owners had greater control • The philosophy: “competition & self-interest would provide the greatest good”

  8. What Changed in Agriculture? • More land and • Richer farm owners, intent on increasing productivity/profit (need inventions) • New breeds of cattle & sheep increased yield and hardiness • Enclosure • Inventions aiding: seeding, cultivation, fertilization, crop rotation

  9. What did JethroTull & Lord Townsend invent? • Seed Drill: horse drawn & created neat rows -solved waste of BROADCASTING -faster planting & easier maintenance • Nitrogen based crop rotation: rotations of turnip & clover meant no need for fallow years

  10. Section Two: Transportation How was transportation vital to industrial revolution and the factory system?

  11. What was transit like before? • Terrible • Medieval mud roads • Products carried on horseback: -Horses carried a max of 100-200kg -Horses often slipped or lost their parcels • Sea transit was useless in landlocked areas

  12. What were the government’s transit solutions??? Government authorized privately built toll roads. Do you foresee any problems with this?

  13. Tell me about canals • Artificial water ways criss-crossed all of Great Britain, connecting rivers • Invented by Duke of Bridgewater • Reduced shipping costs by ¾ • 1stfinished in 1760 • Over 4000 km built by early 1800s!

  14. Describe Macadam roads • Invented by James Macadam • Roads that wouldn’t become muddy • Turnpike system • 3 layers of graded stone designed to shed H2O

  15. What was “the Rocket”? • Invented by George and Robert Stephenson • In 1829 • A locomotive pulling one caboose @ an unheard of speed: (Any guesses??????) 39km/hr

  16. Why the steam engine? • Problem: H2O in mines • Thomas Newcomen’s Compressed Steam Pump was the solution. It also generated a little power • James Watt used this idea to create practical and efficient Steam Engines capable of driving machines

  17. What about power & heat? • Coal is used in the manufacture of iron • Abraham Darby made the making of cast iron easy • Coal=+ accessible & therefore commonly used in houses

  18. What was the life of a coal miner like? • Coal mining became a HUGE employer • Deposits were far underground, so people worked in darkness • Days were long (dark to dark) • Accidents were common • “Black Lung” from breathing coal dust • Early death • Low wage

  19. In what ways could the steam engine change society? Brainstorm POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES with a partner

  20. Robert Fulton used the steam engine on a ship • Orville Wright invented a plane • Changing concept of time… (what’s that mean?)

  21. Section 3: Child Labour Why was/Is Child Labour Used?

  22. Why is child labour used? • Lenient laws • Need (both family & business) • Lack of protective social structures • Children are able to do fine work

  23. What did children do otherwise? • No compulsory education • 80% of parents couldn’t provide for children on their incomes alone so if children didn’t work, they didn’t eat, etc.

  24. What jobs were children best at? • Fine/small/detail work • Running in & out of power looms: picking out tangles • Chimney cleaners • Mine-shaft work

  25. Describe the social setting • Middle & upper class people thought poor should work max. hours • Cities growing too fast (dirty, overcrowded) • Guild (unions) were illegal • Parliament heard only the voices of businessmen • Local authorities responsible for “Charity,” but they were unaccountable & poor judges of character • No laws to protect the common people

  26. What were the “Factory Acts”? • Laws helping social reform 1802: Illegal for children to work >12hrs straight in a mill 1819: Illegal to hire <9yrs in textiles 1824: Labour Unions finally legal

  27. Section 4: Women What role did women play during the Industrial Revolution?

  28. What was the female experience in the Industrial Revolution? • Suffered from the declining cottage industry • Paid poorly • Hired as “gangs” of women to do agricultural labor • Could not vote (despite Mary Wollstonecraft) • No voice in parliament

  29. Were all women poor? • No! • Some could hire servants • Others now had spending money

  30. Section 5: After Math Effects of the Industrial Evolution

  31. Pros What good things happened during the industrial revolution??? Some Ideas: • Transportation (Rocket, canals, Macadam roads) • Increased production & profit • Faster: goods delivery & human movement • Social Structure: Business people in government • Instigated better treatment of future workers

  32. Changes in laws • Enclosure: All agricultural land must be fenced in. • Universal male sufferage • Factory Acts: beginning of unions/child-labor laws • 1878: Factory Acts were extended to all industries. No child was to be employed anywhere, if under the age of 10. 10-14 year olds could only be employed for half days. Women were to work no more than 56 hours per week. • Laissez-Faire government: capitalism was flourishing

  33. Cons What do you think were the major down sides??? Some Ideas: • Slums; poor sanitation • More poor people—growing discontent • Forced relocation (Eng/Scottish farmers, Irish famine) • Children/women forced to work: breakdown of family • Increased infant mortality • Lack of education—no time for in home learning either

  34. Was there any opposition to the Industrial Revolution at the time?

  35. The Luddites • The PeterlooMasacre

  36. Who were the Luddites? • 1811 • Sent messages to manufacturers from "General Ned Ludd and the Army of Redressers.” • Angry workers broke into factories and destroyed 100s of stocking frames • Killing of William Horsfall, the owner of a large mill in the area of Yorkshire • Ended by 1817 after 23 executed

  37. What was the Peterloo Massacre? Primary source: By Richard Carlile (Rally speaker/radical)

  38. Peterloo Massacre continued… • Aug 16, 1819: Manchester England • 2 radical men were to speak at St. Peter’s field, including Richard Carlile • Crowd of 50 000 can to listen • Government was worried & charged into crowd: 11 dead, 400 injured

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